Some properties of Niclosamide

　　Niclosamide is a relatively selective, non-cumulative chlorinated aromatic amide pesticide; principally used against aquatic snails but also as an antiparasitic drug in human and veterinary medicine.  It is of very low toxicity to mammals (WHO Hazard Class III, table 5), can be toxic to aquatic vertebrates (e.g. fish and amphibians) and crustaceans.  Niclosamide is non-persistent in the aquatic environment, has a slight effect on aquatic plants and zooplankton but is not generally phytotoxic at field concentrations.


　
　　
　　1.Physical characteristics: Niclosamide is a yellowish grey odourless crystalline solid which melts between 224-229 °C. The piperazine salt melts above 240 °C with decomposition.  The ethanolamine salt form is a yellow solid melting at minimum 191 °C.

　　2.Solubility: Niclosamide is not very water soluble, 5-8 mg/L at 20 °C, sparingly soluble in ether, ethanol and chloroform, and soluble in acetone; the ethanolamine salt dissolves in distilled water 180-280 mg/L at 20 °C.

　　3.Stability: In tablets niclosamide undergoes a biodegradation in moist environments but niclosamide itself is stable in an aqueous solution for several months.  The ethanolamine salt is stable to heat, hydrolysed by concentrated acid or alkali, and stable in aquatic environments.