1H-Inden-1-one,2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-2-[[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl]-,hydrochloride (1:1)

　　1H-Inden-1-one,2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-2-[[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl]-,hydrochloride (1:1) is a white to off-white crystalline solid . With the CAS Registry number 120011-70-3.
　　Its Molecular Formula is C24H30CINO3.it can be used as  An inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.It has the Pharmacological Action and uses as following.

120011-70-3

　　【Pharmacological Action】
　　- Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.- Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias. These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms. While no potent nootropic drugs have yet been accepted for general use, several are being actively investigated.
　　【Therapeutic Uses】
　　Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Nootropic AgentsDonepezil hydrochloride tablets are indicated for the treatment of dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Efficacy has been demonstrated in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease. /Included in US product label//EXPTL Ther:/ ... Officially approved for mild-to-moderate and severe /Alzheimer's Disease/ (AD), donepezil has also been shown to be effective in early-stage AD, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia/Lewy body disease and cognitive symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis. In addition, one study suggested that donepezil may delay the onset of AD in subjects with mild cognitive impairment.

What is 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid?

　　3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid (3,4-DA) is a natural compound with high antioxidant potential found in various foods. A study found that animals administered with 3,4-DA had higher exercise tolerance, reduced blood lactate, and markers of hepatic oxidation. Blood glucose and antioxidant enzymes were not affected by this treatment. 3,4-DA may have applicability in reducing the fatigue associated with exercise.

3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid,331-39-5

3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid is commonly referred to as Caffeic acid, there are other called which is 3,4-DA, 2-Propenoic Acid, 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl), 3-(3,4-Dihydroxy Phenyl)-2-Propenoic Acid, 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)Propenoic Acid, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzeneacrylic Acid, 4-(2-Carboxyethenyl)-1,2-Dihydroxybenzene, 4-(2'-Carboxyvinyl)-1,2-Dihydroxybenzene, (2E)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-Propenoic Acid, Acide Caféique, Ácido Cafeico.Hide Names
　　1.Identification
　　3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid is a chemical found in many plants and foods. Coffee is the primary source of 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid in the human diet. However, it can be found in other food sources such as apples, artichoke, berries, and pears. Wine also contains a significant amount of 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid.
　　3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid is used in supplements for boosting athletic performance, exercise-related fatigue, weight loss, cancer, HIV/AIDS, herpes, and other conditions.
　　2.How does it work?
　　3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid is thought to have many effects in the body including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It might also affect the immune system in the body. Test tube studies show that it might decrease the growth of cancer cells and viruses. Animal studies show that it might have a mild stimulant effect and reduce fatigue related to exercise. The effects of 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid when taken by people are not known.
　　3.Warnings
　　Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is not enough information to know if 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid when taken as a supplement is safe during pregnancy and breast feeding. It should be avoided.
　　Insomnia. 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid might have a mild stimulating effect that could possibly worsen insomnia. However, this effect is modest and substantially less than caffeine.
　　4.dosing
　　The appropriate dose of 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.

What’s the 5-Bromonicotinic acid？

　　5-Bromonicotinic acid, C6H4BrNO2, it’s synonyms is 5-Bromo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid.it is a kind of Pharmaceutical Intermediates which colour is light yellow. Next is a brief introduces about its Physical and chemical properties.

5-Bromonicotinic acid,20826-04-4

    1.Physical properties of 5-Bromonicotinic acid
　　Classification:Pharmaceutical Intermediates
　　EINECS:244-065-5
    CAS Registry Number：20826-04-4
　　Molecular Formula:C6H4BrNO2
　　Melting Point:178-184℃
　　Boiling Point:328.5 °C at 760 mmHg
　　Stability:Stable at room temperature in closed containers under normal storage and handling conditions.
　　Flash Point:152.5 °C
　　Appearance:Light yellow
　　Cryst Hazard Class:IRRITANT
    2.Chemical Properties, and Production of 5-Bromonicotinic acid
　　Category: toxic substances
　　Toxicity rating: high toxicity
　　Acute toxicity: celiac - Mouse LD50: 462 mg / kg
　　Health Hazard: Combustible; Thermal decomposition produces toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides and bromides; react with oxidants
　　Storage features: Treasury ventilated low-temperature drying; with oxidants, food additives separately
　　Extinguishing Media: Carbon dioxide, foam, sand, water mist
    3.Usage of 5-Bromonicotinic acid
Niacin (also called Nicotinic Acid) and Niacinamide (also called Nicotinamide), two compounds of water-soluble vitamin B complex, are active in the metabolism of body. Chemically they are 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid and 3-Pyridinecarboxamide respectively. Commercially, niacin is obtained from beta -picoline or from quinoline, which are both obtainable from coal tar. Niacinamide, more water soluble, is the amide form of niacin. When an amide molecule attaches itself to niacin, it becomes niacinamide. The B vitamins niacin and niacinamide are known as preventives of pellagra. Niacin is interchangeable in metabolism with its amide, niacinamide. Nicotinamide is hydrolyzed to the acid in the digestive tract of non-ruminants. After absorption in the mucosa, the amide is formed again. In the rumen of ruminants, nicotinamide is converted in a short time to nicotinic acid. Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid are therefore equivalent in action in the case of farm animals. These are key ingredients in animal feed and animal feed premixes as these contribute to numerous metabolic reactions  as hydrogen transferring coenzymes. Niacin acts to reduce plasma cholesterol, as a vasodilator and to treat pellagra.Niacin is used for the prophylaxis. Their derivatives are used for these effects. 5-Bromonicotinic acid is used as an intermediate for agro chemcials, feed additives, pharmaceuticals and animal food enrichments.

The Chemical and Physical Properties of 1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-one

　　1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-one,also know as 1,4-Cyclohexanedione monoethyleneacetal,
It can be used as Intermediates of Liquid Crystals.Next is a basic information of 1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-one.

1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-one,4746-97-8

1.Identification
Name:1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-one (Related Reference)
EINECS:-0
Molecular Formula:C8H12O3
CAS Registry Number:4746-97-8
Synonyms:1,4-Cyclohexanedionecyclic ethylene monoketal; 1,4-Cyclohexanedione mono(ethylene ketal); 1,4-Cyclohexanedione, cyclic1,2-ethanediyl acetal; 1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-8-one; 4-(Ethylenedioxy)cyclohexanone; Cyclohexane-1,4-dione mono(ethylene glycolketal); 1,4-Cyclohexanedione mono-ethylene ketal;
InChI:InChI=1/C8H12O3/c9-7-1-3-8(4-2-7)10-5-6-11-8/h1-6H2

2.Computed Properties
Molecular Weight:156.17908 [g/mol]
Molecular Formula:C8H12O3
XLogP3-AA:-0.1
H-Bond Donor:0
H-Bond Acceptor:3
Rotatable Bond Count:0
Tautomer Count:2
Exact Mass:156.078644
MonoIsotopic Mass:156.078644
Topological Polar Surface Area:35.5
Heavy Atom Count:11
Formal Charge:0
Complexity:158
Isotope Atom Count:0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count:0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count:0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count:0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count:0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1
Feature 3D Acceptor Count:3
Feature 3D Ring Count:2
Effective Rotor Count:1.6
Conformer Sampling RMSD:0.4
CID Conformer Count:3　　

3.Chemical properties
Appearance:Off-white crystalline
Molecular Weight:156.18
Density:1.16 g/cm3
Boiling Point:112C
Melting Point:70-76℃
Flash Point:106.7 °C
Refractive index:1.489
Usage:Intermediates of Liquid Crystals

A brief introduced to Barium hydroxide

　　Barium hydroxide is the chemical compound with the formula Ba(OH)2. Also known as baryta, it is one of the principal compounds of barium. The white granular monohydrate is the usual commercial form.Introduction of Barium hydroxide monohydrate With the CAS registry number 17194-00-2, the IUPAC name of Barium hydroxide monohydrate is barium(2+) dihydroxide hydrate.The product's categories are industrial / fine chemicals; barium salts chemical synthesis; inorganic bases; metal and ceramic science; salts; synthetic reagents.It is white powder which is slightly soluble in water and corrosive to metals and tissue.this chemical can react with aluminum and zinc to form oxides or hydroxides of the metal and generate gaseous hydrogen.

Barium hydroxide,17194-00-2

　　1.Chemical properties
　　caustic baryta, Ba(OH)2, a base (alkali). Under ordinary conditions it exists in the form Ba(OH)2-8H20—colorless crystals with a density of 2.18 g/cm3. At 78° C it melts in its own water of crystallization. It is readily soluble in water (3.5g BaO in 100 g H20 at 20° C). The aqueous solution has a strongly alkaline reaction. The saturated aqueous solution of barium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures is called baryta water; upon contact of this solution with air, it absorbs CO2 and becomes turbid owing to the precipitation of barium carbonate. Barium hydroxide is a sensitive reagent for carbonate and sulfate ions. It initiates polymerization reactions and is also used in the production of sugar.
　　2.application
　　Barium Hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) is a white, toxic alkali make by the re save of barium monoxide with water, or by the action of sodium hydroxide on soluble barium salts.Barium Hydroxide is used in ceramics, insect and rat poisons, additives for oils and fuels, as a non-aqueous deacidification of paper, stabilizers for plastics, sealing compounds, vulcanisation accelerators, pigment dispers
　　Barium hydroxide is used in analytical chemistry for the titration of weak acids, particularly organic acids. Its clear aqueous solution is guaranteed to be free of carbonate, unlike those of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, as barium carbonate is insoluble in water. This allows the use of indicators such as phenolphthalein or thymolphthalein (with alkaline colour changes) without the risk of titration errors due to the presence of carbonate ions, which are much less basic.
　　*It is also used to clean up acid spills.
　　*It is also used to neutralize sulfuric acid solutions. Use of Ba(OH)2 is particularly beneficial in complete removal sulphate ions because the Ba(SO)4 formed is insoluble in water and precipitates out.
　　3.Safety
　　Barium hydroxide presents the same hazards as other strong bases and as other water-soluble barium compounds: it is corrosive and toxic.It is harmful by inhalation and if swallowed.In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap-suds.

Intro to Lecithins

　　Lecithin is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues composed of phosphoric acid, choline, fatty acids, glycerol, glycolipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol).


lecithin,8002-43-5


　　Lecithin can easily be extracted chemically (using hexane, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether, benzene, etc.) or mechanically. It is usually available from sources such as soy beans, eggs, milk, marine sources, rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower. It has low solubility in water, but is an excellent emulsifier. In aqueous solution, its phospholipids can form either liposomes, bilayer sheets, micelles, or lamellar structures, depending on hydration and temperature. This results in a type of surfactant that usually is classified as amphipathic. Lecithin is sold as a food supplement and for medical uses. In cooking, it is sometimes used as an emulsifier and to prevent sticking, for example in nonstick cooking spray.
　　Lecithin is a multi-purpose food ingredient that primarily functions as an emulsifier and dispersing agent. Lecithin’s surface-active property can be attributed to its chemical composition: a complex mixture of phospholipids, glycolipids, carbohydrates and triglycerides. As such, lecithin interacts well with other substances, such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
　　Lecithins, the Natural Choice of Emulsifier! Lecithins offer mankind unlimited applications in not only food but also animal feed as well as many industrial applications. In order to appreciate what lecithins can do in practice it facilitates the understanding by first reviewing the chemical nature of lecithins, they way they are extracted,refined and processed from nature and the basic properties that are generated by these process steps.The lecithin molecule has a unique structure that allows formation of rigid multilayer membrane structures, often referred to as “liquid crystal mesophases”. Nature use this property for the membrane structure of all living cells and thus lecithin occur in plants and animals. Very few other food emulsifiers occur in nature, but lecithin is the one-and-only emulsifier that is used directly as a dietary supplement and eaten by the spoonfuls, sprinkled on foods or enjoyed as health beverages !The most economic source for commercial production of lecithin are the seeds from soya beans,sunflower- and rape seeds.

The properties and applications of lecithin

　　Lecithin is a multi-purpose food ingredient that primarily functions as an emulsifier and dispersing agent.It's CAS Registry Number is 8002-43-5.Lecithin’s surface-active property can be attributed to its chemical composition: a complex mixture of phospholipids, glycolipids, carbohydrates and triglycerides. As such, lecithin interacts well with other substances, such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.


lecithin


　　1.Properties　　Lecithin has emulsification and lubricant properties, and is a surfactant. It can be totally metabolized (see Inositol) by humans, so is well tolerated by humans and nontoxic when ingested; some emulsifiers can only be excreted via the kidneys.
　　Lecithin is used for applications in human food, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, paints, and other industrial applications.
　　Applications include:
　　*In the pharmaceutical industry, it acts as a wetting, stabilizing agent and a choline enrichment carrier, helps in emulsifications and encapsulation, and is a good dispersing agent. It can be used in manufacture of intravenous fat infusions and for therapeutic use.
　　*In animal feed, it enriches fat and protein and improves pelletization.
　　*In the paint industry, it forms protective coatings for surfaces with painting and printing ink, has antioxidant properties, helps as a rust inhibitor, is a colour-intensifying agent, catalyst, conditioning aid modifier, and dispersing aid; it is a good stabilizing and suspending agent, emulsifier, and wetting agent, helps in maintaining uniform mixture of several pigments, helps in grinding of metal oxide pigments, is a spreading and mixing aid, prevents hard settling of pigments, eliminates foam in water-based paints, and helps in fast dispersion of latex-based paints.
　　*Lecithin also may be used as a release agent for plastics, an anti sludge additive in motor lubricants, an anti gumming agent in gasoline, and an emulsifier, spreading agent, and antioxidant in textile, rubber, and other industries.
　　2.Application　　*Food additive
　　The nontoxicity of lecithin leads to its use with food, as an additive or in food preparation. It is used commercially in foods requiring a natural emulsifier or lubricant.
　　In confectionery, it reduces viscosity, replaces more expensive ingredients, controls sugar crystallization and the flow properties of chocolate, helps in the homogeneous mixing of ingredients, improves shelf life for some products, and can be used as a coating. In emulsions and fat spreads it stabilizes emulsions, reduces spattering during frying, improves texture of spreads and flavour release. In doughs and bakery it reduces fat and egg requirements, helps even distribution of ingredients in dough, stabilizes fermentation, increases volume, protects yeast cells in dough when frozen, and acts as a releasing agent to prevent sticking and simplify cleaning. It improves wetting properties of hydrophilic powders (e.g., low-fat proteins) and lipophilic powders (e.g., cocoa powder), controls dust, and helps complete dispersion in water.Lecithin is the emulsifier that keeps cocoa and cocoa butter in a candy bar from separating. It can be used as a component of cooking sprays to prevent sticking and as a releasing agent. In margarines, especially those containing high levels of fat (>75%), lecithin is added as an 'anti spattering' agent for shallow frying.
　　*Dietary supplement
　　Lecithin is marketed as a dietary supplement. As such no claims may be made that it useful to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Because it containsphosphatidylcholines, it is a source of choline, an essential nutrient.Clinical studies have shown benefit in acne, in improving liver function, and in lowering cholesterol, but clinical studies in dementia and dyskinesias have found no benefit.

How much do you know the Propyl Gallate?

　　Propyl gallate, a very strange name, but its application is very broad, and in our lives, many places have used it,Now in the following,let's take a detailed look at its application.

　　Propyl gallate is a common additive to pet food.Propyl gallate ,The chemical name for propyl gallate is propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate,It's CAS Registry Number is 121-79-9.and it is the n-propyl ester of gallic acid. It is a crystalline powder which can be white, creamy-white or light brown. One of many common synthetic preservatives, it is listed by the United States Food and Drug Administration as "generally recognized as safe." This means qualified experts recognize its safety under conditions of its intended usage, and the substance did not require a pre-market review or approval process..Artificial food additives receive much negative attention among health food advocates, while antioxidants are praised for their beneficial qualities.Propyl gallate is one of the antioxidants, and is added to a wide range of products in the areas of food, cosmetics, bath products and pharmaceuticals.
　　1.Application　　Propyl Gallate is an artificial food additive with antioxidating qualities. It can be found in food, food packaging products and personal care products. Propyl Gallate is common in foods containing fat such as vegetable oil, mayonnaise, chips and many more. It prevents fat and oil from oxidizing. Oxidation can cause food spoilage. As an antioxidant or free radical scavenger, it helps maintain the freshness of food. In personal care products, such as cosmetics, propyl gallate helps in maintaining its color and texture. It also helps in retaining the effectiveness of the product by averting the damage that oxidation may cause to the active ingredients.
　　Manufacturers add propyl gallate to food products, including vegetable oil, mayonnaise, meat, soup, dried milk, spices, candy, snack foods, vitamins and chewing gum.The personal care industry adds propyl gallate to perfume, soaps, lotions and moisturizers, lipstick and other make-up, hair care products, bath products, sunscreen, and toothpaste.In addition, the substance is added to adhesives and lubricants.
　　2.Function　　Propyl gallate prevents oxidation and thus keeps fats and oils from deteriorating or going rancid. Besides causing food spoilage, oxidation in personal care products can cause color changes, thickness and texture changes, and breakdown of active ingredients.
　　3.Side effects　　Propyl gallate can cause some adverse side effects, such as stomach irritation, skin irritation, and allergic reactions that constrict breathing. It also can cause extra skin sensitivity. People who have asthma, an allergy to aspirin, or liver or kidney problems, should avoid propyl gallate as much as possible.
　　And in the other side.Propyl Gallate is considered a controversial ingredient because of its links to cancer and other harmful side effects.The Cosmetics Database finds it to be a moderate hazard ingredient and notes concerns regarding cancer, developmental and reproductive toxicity, allergies and immunotoxicity,.
　　Food additives like Propyl gallate are used as preservatives to prevent product spoilage. They may also be used to enrich and fortify the nutritional content of food.But it is food additives eventually,Although the FDA considers propyl gallate safe, in other countries it is either banned or very limited in use.It is important to check not only the nutritional content, but the ingredients of the foods you buy. This way, you are sure that you are only buying the food that will be good for your body.

Basic information of Candesartan

　　Candesartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (also called an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist or an AIIRA).It's CAS Registry Number is 139481-59-7. It is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and heart failure (a condition where the pumping action of the heart is reduced). People with high blood pressure often do not feel unwell but, left untreated, high blood pressure can harm the heart and damage blood vessels.


Candesartan,139481-59-7


　　Candesartan works by blocking the effect of a chemical called angiotensin II which is made in your bloodstream. Angiotensin II causes your blood vessels to narrow, so by blocking this effect, candesartan allows your blood vessels to relax and widen. As this happens, the pressure of blood within your blood vessels is reduced. This also makes it easier for your heart to pump blood around your body.
　　1.How to take candesartan?　　*Before you start this treatment, read the manufacturer's printed information leaflet from inside the pack. The leaflet will give you more information about the brand of candesartan you have been given, and a full list of possible side-effects from taking it.
　　*Take candesartan exactly as your doctor has told you to. It is usually taken once each day. Your dose will be on the label of your pack.
　　*Take candesartan at a time of day you find easy to remember, and try to take your doses at the same time on each day. This will help you to avoid missing any doses. You can take candesartan tablets before or after meals.
　　*If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If you do not remember until the following day, skip the missed dose. Do not take two doses together to make up for a forgotten dose.
　　 2.Dosage　　 The recommended dose range of candesartan for adults is 4 to 32 mg once daily. The usual starting dose for hypertension is 16 mg daily, and the starting dose for treating heart failure is 4 mg once daily. Doses may be doubled at 2 week intervals as tolerated by patients. The maximum dose is 32 mg daily.
　　3.Can candesartan cause problems?
　　Along with their useful effects, most medicines can cause unwanted side-effects although not everyone experiences them. These usually improve as your body adjusts to the new medicine, but speak with your doctor or pharmacist if any of the following side-effects continue or become troublesome.
　　4.How to store candesartan?　　*Keep all medicines out of the reach and sight of children.
　　*Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct heat and light.Tablets should be stored at room temperature, between 15-30 C (59-86 F).
　　5.Side effects　　The most common side effects of candesartan includeheadache, dizziness, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and upper respiratory infections. Patients may also experience hyperkalemia,impotence, reduced renal function, and allergic reactions. Rhabdomyolysis(inflammation and destruction of muscle) and angioedema (swelling of soft tissues including those of the throat and larynx) are rare but serious side effects of candesartan.

What’s Glycine and BOC-Glycine?

　　Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is an organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. Having a hydrogen substituent as its side-chain, glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG of the genetic code.


BOC-Glycine,4530-20-5


　　Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is unique among the proteinogenic amino acids in that it is notchiral. It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom. Glycine is also the genus name of the Soybean plant
　　BOC-Glycine,non-essential amino acids. Is a alternation of amino acids in the a lot of simple structure, a non-essential amino acerbic in the animal body, and accepting an acerb and a basal anatomic accumulation in the atom at the aforementioned time, is a able electrolyte in the aqueous solution, greater solubility in the acerb arctic solvents, and essentially baffling in non-polar solvent, and has a college baking point and melting point, through the adjustment of the pH of an aqueous band-aid of glycine display altered atomic forms. White monoclinic arrangement or hexagonal crystals or white apparent powder. Odorless, appropriate sweetness. The about physique of 1.1607. M.p. 248 ° C (decomp.). pK’1 (COOH) to 2.34, pK’2 (N H3) 9.60. Acrid in water, solubility in water: 25 ° C if 25g/100ml; 50 ° C 39.1g/100ml and; if 54.4g/100ml; 100 ° C 75 ° C if 67.2g/100ml. Extremely difficult to deliquesce in ethanol, about abandoning 0.06 g booze 100g. Almost baffling in acetone and ether. Reaction with hydrochloric acerbic to accomplish the hydrochloride salt. For complexometric titration indicator chromatography reagents; buffers; accepted for colorimetric assurance of amino acids. Inspection copper, gold and silver. Preparation of tissue ability medium. Acclimated as a biochemical reagents and solvents in amoebic amalgam and biochemistry. Spinal bond inhibitory neurotransmitter NMDA receptor allosteric modulators of atomic analysis brand acclimated as absorber apparatus for end-labeled brake fragment accompanying phosphate kinase reaction; Tris – glycine absorber components, For SDS – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of in vitro adaptation artefact applications. Glycine has a different candied taste, affluence acid, acrid aftertaste affectation the absinthian aftertaste of aspartame in aliment and enhance the sweetness. Animal assimilation of the glycine excessive, not abandoned can not be captivated by the body, and the physique will breach the antithesis of assimilation of amino acids affect the assimilation of added amino acids, arch to comestible alterity affect health.

Let’s learn something about Voglibose

　　Voglibose (INN and USAN, trade name Voglib, marketed by Mascot Health Series) is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor used for lowering post-prandial blood glucose levels in people with diabetes mellitus. Voglibose delays the absorption of glucose thereby reduces the risk of macrovascular complications. Voglibose is a research product of Takeda Pharma, a Japan-based company.


Voglibose,83480-29-9


　　Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) is primarily due to first phase insulin secretion. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors delay glucose absorption at the intestine level and thereby prevent sudden surge of glucose after a meal.
　　There are three drugs which belong to this class, acarbose, miglitol and voglibose, of which voglibose is the newest. Voglibose scores over both acarbose and miglitol in terms of side effect profile. But acarbose has an edge over voglibose in terms of efficacy (FPG, PPHG, HBA1c).
　　There are several trials supporting the use of voglibose in the management of PPHG. Also, it has been established that it is PPHG, not FPG, which is the marker of cardiovascular disorders associated with diabetes. So, controlling PPHG is imperative and voglibose is indicated for the management of PPHG.
　　Vioglibose's Biological Activity shows that it can orally active α -glucosidase inhibitor (IC 50 values are 3.9 and 6.4 nM at sucrase and maltase respectively). Then it can increases glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion and decreases food consumption in ob/ob mice, and reduces plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides and insulin in Wistar fatty rats. Exhibits antidiabetic and antiobesity activity in vivo. So voglibose effect is lower post-prandial blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus.
　　The suitable voglibose dosage is 600 μ g/day, three times one day when you are having a meal. You should insist 4 weeks as a period of treatment. Please be careful because taking more voglibose dose will harm your health. When you are lossing of appetite or increasing exhaust, please go to hospital and see your archiater.
　　All medicines can have side effects. Sometimes they are serious, most of the time they are not. You may need medical treatment if you get some of the side effects. Tell your physician as soon as possible if you do not feel well.

A brief introduction to EDTA disodium salt dihydrate

6381-92-6

　　EDTA, disodium salt, dihydrate, for molecular biology is extensively used as a chelator of divalent cations such as Ca2+. EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a chelating agent, a general chemical, and a sequestrant. In molecular biology applications, addition of EDTA minimizes the impact of metal ion contaminants. Also used to facilitate enzymatic reactions that could be inhibited by heavy metal traces. It also inhibits enzymes, such as metalloproteases, which require divalent cations for activity.
　　
　　EDTA Disodium Salt Dihydrate (Disodium EDTA; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate dihydrate; Disodium dihydrogen ethylenediamine tetraacetic dihydrate; (Ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid disodium salt)
　　1.Basic information　　Synonym: 　　Edetate disodium salt dihydrate
　　Application: 　　A chelating agent and inhibitor of metalloproteases
　　CAS Number: 　　6381-92-6
　　Purity: 　　≥99%
　　Molecular Weight: 　　372.24
　　Molecular Formula: 　　C10H14N2Na2O8·2H2O
　　
　　2.Physical Properties　　Appearance: 　　White powder
　　Physical State: 　　Solid
　　Solubility: 　　Soluble in water (~100 g/l) at 20 °C, (95%) alcohol (Slightly soluble), and 3 M NaOH (100 mg/mL).
　　Storage: 　　Store at room temperature
　　Melting Point: 　　248 °C (lit.)(dec.)
　　Boiling Point: 　　614.2 °C at 760 mmHg (Predicted)
　　Density: 　　1.01 g/cm3 at 25 °C
　　Refractive Index: 　　n20D 1.36

Have you ever heard uracil?

　　Uracil is one of five nitrogenous bases that attach to nucleotides found within cells. A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, pentose sugar, with a phosphate group and base attached. Nucleotides are the building blocks for two important nucleic acids – deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, and ribonucleic acid, RNA. The other four bases are cytosine,guanine, adenine and thymine.


Uracil,66-22-8


　　The five bases are broken up into two groups based on their structure. The pyrimidine bases are made up of a single ring of atoms and include cytosine, thymine and uracil. The purine bases have a double ring of atoms and include adenine and guanine. They are called nitrogenous bases as they contain nitrogen and carbon atoms in the ring(s).
　　Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative.Originally discovered in 1900, it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein that was found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ.It is a planar, unsaturated compound that has the ability to absorb light.
　　1.Reactions
　　Uracil readily undergoes regular reactions including oxidation, nitration, and alkylation. While in the presence of phenol (PhOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), uracil can be visualized in the blue region of UV light.Uracil also has the capability to react with elemental halogens because of the presence of more than one strongly electron donating group.
　　Uracil readily undergoes addition to ribose sugars and phosphates to partake in synthesis and further reactions in the body. Uracil becomes uridine,uridine monophosphate (UMP), uridine diphosphate (UDP), uridine triphosphate (UTP), and uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose). Each one of these molecules is synthesized in the body and has specific functions.
　　When uracil reacts with anhydrous hydrazine, a first-order kinetic reaction occurs and the ring of uracil opens up.If the pH of the reaction increases to >10.5, the uracil anion forms, making the reaction go much slower. The same slowing of the reaction occurs if the pH decreases because of the protonation of the hydrazine.The reactivity of uracil is unchanged even if the temperature changes.
　　2.Uses
　　Uracil can be used for drug delivery and as a pharmaceutical. When elemental fluorine is reacted with uracil, 5-fluorouracil is produced. 5-Fluorouracil is an anticancer drug (antimetabolite) used to masquerade as uracil during the nucleic acid replication process.Because 5-Fluorouracil is similar in shape to, but does not perform the same chemistry as, uracil, the drug inhibits RNA replication enzymes, thereby eliminating RNA synthesis and stopping the growth of cancerous cells. Uracil can also be used in the synthesis of caffeine
　　Uracil's use in the body is to help carry out the synthesis of many enzymes necessary for cell function through bonding with riboses and phosphates.Uracil serves asallosteric regulator and coenzyme for reactions in the human body and in plants.UMP controls the activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and aspartate transcarbamoylase in plants, while UDP and UTP requlate CPSase II activity in animals. UDP-glucose regulates the conversion of glucose to galactose in the liver and other tissues in the process of carbohydrate metabolism.Uracil is also involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and the transportation of sugars contain ingaldehydes.
　　It can also increase the risk for cancer in cases in which the body is extremely deficient in folate.The deficiency in folate leads to increased ratio of deoxy uracil mono phosphates (dUMP)/deoxy thymine mono phosphates (dTMP) and uracil misincorporation into DNA and eventually low production of DNA.
　　Uracil can be used to determine microbial contamination of tomatoes. The presence of uracil is an indication of lactic acid bacteria contamination in the fruit.Uracil derivatives containing a diazine ring are used in pesticides.Uracil derivatives are more often used as anti photo synthetic herbicides, destroying weeds in cotton,sugar beet, turnips, soya, peas, sunflower crops, vineyards, berry plantations, and orchards.
　　In yeast, uracil concentrations are inversely proportional to uracil permease.

How much do you know about Amoxicillin?

　　Amoxicillin (INN), formerly amoxycillin (BAN), and abbreviated amox, is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, β-lactam antibioticused to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better absorbed, following oral administration, than other β-lactam antibiotics. Amoxicillin is one of the most common antibiotics prescribed for children. The drug became available in 1972.


Amoxicillin,26787-78-0


　　Amoxicillin is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication is a penicillin-type antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
　　1.Indications　　Amoxicillin is used to treat becterial infections caused by sensitive to it microorganisms. It is indicated for the treatment:
　　*Infections of the respiratory tract including otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis and pharyngitis
　　*Infections of the lower respiratory tract such as bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscesses, pertussis
　　*Infections of the urinary tract
　　*Chronic and acute pyelonephritis, pyelitis, prostatitis, epididymitis;
　　*Cystitis, urethritis, asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy;
　　*Gynecological infections
　　*Infections of GI (gastrointestinal)  tract including Typhoid fever, especially complicated by septicemia, Shigellosis Biliary infections such as cholangitis, cholecystitis
　　*Infections of skin and soft tissues.Leptospirosis.Acute and latent listeriosis.Lyme disease (Lyme disease)
　　This antibiotic treats only bacterial infections. It will not work for viral infections (such as common cold, flu). Unnecessary use or misuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness.
　　2.Side effects    Amoxicillin is generally well tolerated and side effect usually occurr in patients with hypersensitivity.
　　In some cases Amoxicillin may cause the following side effects: hives,  angioedema, erythema, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, joint pain, interstitial nephritis, eosinophilia. In very rare cases Amoxicillin may cause anaphylactic shock, erytherma multiforme, dermatitis
　　Amoxicillin is a also associated with: headache, fatigue, glossitis, stomatitis, hematological disorders such as thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, leukopenia.
　　Possible gastrointestinal disorders include: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain.In very rare cases Amoxicillin may cause superinfections (particularly in patients with chronic diseases and reduced resistance of the organism), dysbiosis, candidiasis.
　　3.How to use amoxicillin Oral　　Take this medication by mouth with or without food as directed by your doctor, usually every 8 or 12 hours. The dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment.
　　Drink plenty of fluids while using this medication unless your doctor tells you otherwise.
　　Antibiotics work best when the amount of medicine in your body is kept at a constant level. Therefore, take this drug at evenly spaced intervals. To help you remember, take it at the same times each day.
　　Continue to take this medication until the full prescribed amount is finished, even if symptoms disappear after a few days. Stopping the medication too early may allow bacteria to continue to grow, which may result in a return of the infection.
　　Tell your doctor if your condition persists or worsens.

Intro to 1-Butanaminium,N,N,N-tributyl-, bromide (1:1)

　　1-Butanaminium,N,N,N-tributyl-, bromide (1:1) ,with the CAS Registry Number 1643-19-2 :its synonyms is Tetrabutyl Ammonium Bromide;Tetrabutylammonium bromide;Tetrabutylammonium bromide（TBAB）;1-Butanaminium,N,N,N-tributyl-, bromide (9CI);Ammonium, tetrabutyl-, bromide (8CI);Tetrabutylammonium bromide (6CI,7CI);AP 6G;Actiron 43-65;Aliquat 100;Mastermix MB 4988;TBAB;Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide;EINECS(EC#):216-699-2 Molecular Formula:C16H36BrNMolecular Weight:322.38.


1643-19-2

 　　1.Chemical Properties　　Appearance:White to off white crystalline powder
　　Molecular Weight:322.38
　　Density:1.039 g/mL at 25 C
　　Boiling Point:102 °C
　　Melting Point:103 – 104 C
　　Storage Temperature:Store at RT.
　　Refractive index:n20/D 1.422
　　Solubility:600 g/l at 20 C
　　Stability:Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture.
　　Usage:Commonly used as a phase transfer catalyst.
　　2.Physical Properties　　Appearance: White to off white crystalline powder
         refractive index:n20/D 1.422
        Storage temp:Store at RT.
        Sensitive:Hygroscopic
　　3.Toxicity　　Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (CAS NO.1643-19-2) hasn't been listed as a carcinogen by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65. And the toxicological properties have not been fully investigated.It has a strong irritation.when you touch it.Wear suitable protective clothing. Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection.In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.

What's Hydrochlorothiazide?

　　Hydrochlorothiazide, abbreviated HCTZ, HCT, or HZT, is a diuretic drug of the thiazide class that acts by inhibiting thekidneys' ability to retain water. This reduces the volume of the blood, decreasing blood return to the heart and thus cardiac output and, by other mechanisms, is believed to lower peripheral vascular resistance.


58-93-5

　　1.Mechanism of action　　Hydrochlorothiazide belongs to thiazide class of diuretics. It reduces blood volume by acting on the kidneys to reduce sodium (Na) reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. The major site of action in the nephron appears on an electroneutral Na+-Cl- co-transporter by competing for the chloride site on the transporter. By impairing Na transport in the distal convoluted tubule, hydrochlorothiazide induces a natriuresis and concomitant water loss. Thiazides increase the reabsorption of calcium in this segment in a manner unrelated to sodium transport.Additionally, by other mechanisms, HCTZ is believed to lower peripheral vascular resistance.
　　2.Uses　　This medication is used to treat high blood pressure. Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. Hydrochlorothiazide is a "water pill" (diuretic) that causes you to make more urine. This helps your body get rid of extra salt and water.
　　This medication also reduces extra fluid in the body (edema) caused by conditions such as heart failure, liver disease, or kidney disease. This can lessen symptoms such as shortness of breath or swelling in your ankles or feet.
　　3.side effect　　Upset stomach, dizziness, or headache may occur as your body adjusts to the medication. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
　　To reduce the risk of dizziness and lightheadedness, get up slowly when rising from a sitting or lying position.
　　Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
　　This medication may cause a serious loss of body water (dehydration) and salt/minerals. Tell your doctor right away if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: muscle cramps/weakness, slow/fast/irregular heartbeat, unusual decreased urination, unusual dry mouth/thirst, decrease in vision, eye pain.
　　A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
　　4.Storage　　Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.
　　Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

The knowledge of Ethanol,2,2',2''-nitrilotris-

　　The Ethanol,2,2',2''-nitrilotris-, 36718 Nitrilotriethanol S 80 S 80 (amine) Sterolamide Sting-Kill TEA (amino alcohol) TEOA Triethanolamin Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine Tris(b-hydroxyethyl)amine Tris-amino Ultra PC Trolamine tris-(2-Hydroxyethyl)amine. With the CAS registry number 102-71-6, it is also named as Triethanolamine.
　　1.Physical properties
　　Superlist Name: Triethanolamine
　　Formula: C6H15NO3
　　Synonyms: Ethanol,2,2',2''-nitrilotri- (8CI);2,2',2''-Nitrilotriethanol;2,2',2''-Nitrilotris[ethanol];2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol;Alkanolamine244;Biafine;Daltogen;NSC 36718;Nitrilotriethanol;S 80;S 80 (amine);Sterolamide;Sting-Kill;TEA (
　　Molecular Weight: 149.22
　　EINECS: 203-049-8
　　CAS No.: 102-71-6
　　Melting Point: 21 °C
　　Boiling Point: 335.4 °C at 760 mmHg
　　Solubility: H2O: 1 M, clear, colorless
　　Appearance: colorless and viscous liquid
　　Risk Codes: 36/37/38-36
　　Safety: 26-39-36
　　2.Uses
　　Triethanolamine salicylate has also been used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory.Triethanolamine USP is also used as a pharmaceutical adjuvant or alkalizing agent, and in combination with a fatty acid (eg, oleic acid, stearic acid) as an emulsifier (the triethanolamine soap formed lowers the surface tension of the aqueous phase).
　　*New and discontinued cleaning products
　　*Personal care creams, gels, sprays
　　*Pet sprays
　　*Oil dispersant
　　3.Consumption Patterns
　　Detergents (including textile, toilet goods, metal and other specialty surfactants), 35%; gas conditioning and petroleum use, 30%; metal working, 15%; textiles, 10%; miscellaneous (including agricultural intermediates and cement grinding aids) and exports, 10% (1984) /ethanolamines/Surfactants, 40%; gas purification, 25%; metals, 17%; textiles, 8%; other, including cement grinding oils, agricultural chemicals, 10% (mono-, di- and triethanolamines）
　　4.Potential Effects on Human Health
　　*Exposure has been associated with asthma
　　*Burns can result from prolonged or repeated exposure to skin
　　*Identified as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis, skin sensitizer
　　*Considered to have low acute and chronic toxicity
　　*Irritant to eyes and skin
　　*National Fire Protection Association Rating- 2
　　*Materials that, on intense or continued (but not chronic) exposure, could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury, including those requiring the use of respiratory protective equipment that has an independent air supply. These materials are hazardous to health, but areas may be entered freely if personnel are provided with full-face mask self-contained breathing apparatus that provides complete eye protection.


Ethanol,2,2',2''-nitrilotris-,102-71-6

Benefits of L(+)-Citrulline



L(+)-Citrulline,372-75-8

　
　　L-citrulline is a nonessential amino acid that improves the flow of blood throughout the body. It also boosts the reserve of nutrients the body requires to manufacture particular proteins. Naturally-occurring in the urea cycle, L-citrulline can be taken as a nutritional supplement to aid such conditions as mental fatigue, physical fatigue, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, and sexual dysfunction. It can also enhance the benefits of exercising and bodybuilding.
　　After it is produced in the human body, L-citrulline rids the body of the toxic ammonia contained in urea. L-citrulline is then converted to L-arginine, one of the most frequently occurring amino acids. From there it transforms into nitric oxide, a gas manufactured in the body that aids in vascular health and detoxification of the liver.
　　L-citrulline is not strictly unique to the human body, however. It can also be found in several foods, such as meat, fish, dairy, beans, and eggs. It is most predominant, though, in water melon. In fact, the word "citrulline" comes from the Latin word "citrullus," meaning watermelon. In 1930, L-citrulline was isolated from watermelon for the first time and identified as a key factor in healthy blood flow.
　　One of the most popular benefits associated with L-Citrulline is its ability to help reduce body fat levels. It is also incredibly helpful in maintaining your natural energy production, which can often drop off considerably during a hard workout. Another excellent benefit is that it acts as a vasodilator. This has the effect of helping to open and expand blood vessels. This may be also why it can lead to a reduction in blood pressure levels.
　　For weight and strength training athletes, this supplement also helps in the release of nitric acid. This chemical helps to build proteins and re-form muscles that have been torn down from intense training. Citrulline acts in the urea cycle to remove lactic acid from the body which is produced as working muscles become fatigued. Couple this together with the ability of the supplement to enhance ATP (energy) production and it easy to see how this can lead to a much improved workout.
　　Along with vitality benefits such as improved circulation and reduction in sensitivity to cold, this new evidence opens new doors for citrulline application in heart health as well. A short-term citrulline supplementation could functionally improve atrial stiffness in humans by increasing vascular relaxation and increasing blood flow to the body.
　　Citrulline also may find new applications in the muscle building, fatigue relief and energy markets considering the link between NO production and athletic performance. Compared to L-arginine, L-citrulline may be an alternative approach at NO-induced increases in muscle blood flow that may provide an anabolic approach to exercise training, said Dr. Willoughby.

　　Citrulline is made from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle.It is also produced from arginine as a by-product of the reaction catalyzed by NOS family (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39). It is made from arginine by the enzyme trichohyalin at the inner root sheath and medulla of hair follicles. Arginine is first oxidized into N-hydroxyl-arginine, which is then further oxidized to citrulline concomitant with release of nitric oxide.

Daidzein’s function



Daidzein,486-66-8



　　The major soy isoflavones include daidzein and genistein. These types of compounds have a structure similar to a mammalian estrogen. They also bind to estrogen receptors in animal and human cells. Thus, they are known as phytoestrogens, or estrogens from plants. They have been implicated as anticancer agents for hormone-based cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer.
　　Soybeans and soy products — such as soy flour, tofu, and soy milk — are major components of Asian diets. and soy flour, miso, and roasted soybeans are all good sources of isoflavones.There are also isoflavone supplements on the market containing significant amounts of daidzein and genistein, another anti-cancer phytoestrogen found in soy.
　　Daidzein has both weak estrogenic and weak anti-estrogenic effects. Daidzein has also antioxidant activity. Foti P. et al of the Department of Food Science and Microbiology (University of Milan) compared the antioxidant activity daidzein and genistein. antioxidant activity in primary and cancer lymphocytes. Their results showed that daidzein is just as effective as genistein in protecting cells against oxidative damage of DNA. The antioxidant activity of daidzein was measured at concentration which could be obtained by consumption of soy products.
　　The anti-estrogenic effect of daidzein may explain its anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic and anti-osteoporotic activity. Epidemiological studies have long shown that people who consume a lot of soy have reduces incidences of prostate cancers. This benefit of soy could be explained by the anti-cancer and antioxidant activity of daidzein.
　　Constantinou AI et al (Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago) studied the effect of daidzein on the capacity of tomaxifen to prevent mammary tumours. They concluded that the combination of daidzein and tamoxifen produces increased protection against mammary carcinogenesis: tumour multiplicity was reduced by 76 percent and tumor incidence by 35 percent.
　　Daidzein seems to reduce the risk for osteoporosis. Studies have shown that daidzein stimulates the formation of osteoblasts, which are cells that produce bone mass.
　　There are also indications that daidzein may reduce the dependence on alcohol. Keung WM et al of the Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, showed that an extract of Radix Puerariae suppressed the free-choice ethanol intake of ethanol-preferring hamsters. The herb Radix Puerariae contains daidzein and is used in China as a traditional Chinese medicine for alcohol addiction and intoxication.

　　Daidzein is a phytochemical that is found in soybeans, peas, and other plants, such as kudzuand red clover. It is a polyphenol in a class of flavonoids known as isoflavones. Soy isoflavones have been widely studied for their effects on human health. These include antioxidant activity and protection against various types of cancer.

Properties of triethylamine



Triethylamine,121-44-8

         Triethylamine is the chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH3)3, commonly abbreviated Et3N. It is also abbreviated TEA, yet this abbreviation must be used carefully to avoid confusion with triethanolamine or tetraethylammonium, for which TEA is also a common abbreviation. It is a colourless volatile liquid with a strong fishy odor reminiscent of ammonia and is also the smell of the hawthorn plant.Like diisopropylethylamine (Hünig’s base), triethylamine is commonly encountered in organic synthesis.
　　1.Uses
　　Triethylamine is used as a catalytic solvent in chemical syntheses; as an accelerator activator for rubber; as a corrosion inhibitor; as a curing and hardening agent for polymers; as a propellant; in the manufacture of wetting, penetrating, and waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium compounds; and for the desalination of seawater.
　　2.Sources and Potential Exposure
　　*Occupational exposure may occur primarily via inhalation and dermal contact during its manufacture and use.
　　*The general population may be exposed to triethylamine from ingesting contaminated food; triethylamine has been identified in broiled beef.
　　3.Health Hazard Information
　　*Acute Effects:Acute exposure of humans to triethylamine vapor causes eye irritation, corneal swelling, and halo vision.  People have complained of seeing "blue haze" or having "smoky vision."  These effects have been reversible upon cessation of exposure.
　　*Acute exposure can irritate the skin and mucous membranes in humans.
　　*Acute animal tests in rats, mice, and rabbits, have demonstrated triethylamine to have moderate acute toxicity from inhalation, moderate to high acute toxicity from oral exposure, and high acute toxicity from dermal exposure.
　　*Chronic Effects (Noncancer):Chronic exposure of workers to triethylamine vapor has been observed to cause reversible corneal edema.
　　*Chronic inhalation exposure has resulted in inflammation of the nasal passage in rats.  Thickening of the interalveolar walls of the lungs, mucous accumulation in the alveolar spaces of the lungs, and hematological effects have also been reported in rats chronically exposed by inhalation.
　　*Chronic inhalation exposure of rabbits has been reported to cause irritation of the lungs, edema, moderate peribronchitis, vascular thickening, eye lesions, and, at higher levels, liver, kidney, and heart effects.
　　*The Reference Concentration for triethylamine is 0.007 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) based on inflammation of the nasal passages in rats. The RfC is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous inhalation exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious noncancer effects during a lifetime. It is not a direct estimator of risk but rather a reference point to gauge the potential effects. At exposures increasingly greater than the, the potential for adverse health effects increases.Lifetime exposure above the does not imply that an adverse health effect would necessarily occur.
　　*EPA has medium confidence in the studies on which the was based because a concentration-response was evident, although a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level  could not be identified and a second species was not used; low confidence in the database as only a single reproductive/developmental study exists, which is by the oral route and is therefore not useful for inhalation risk assessment, and no chronic studies exist; and, consequently, low confidence in the .
　　*EPA has not established a Reference Dose for triethylamine.
　　4.Physical Properties
　　*The chemical formula for triethylamine is C6H15N, and its molecular weight is 101.19 g/mol.
　　*Triethylamine occurs as a colorless flammable liquid that is slightly soluble in water.
　　*Triethylamine has a strong fishy ammonia-like odor, with an odor threshold of 0.48 parts per million (ppm).
　　*The vapor pressure for triethylamine is 400 mm Hg at 31.5 °C, and its log octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) is 1.45.

Do you like capsaicin?

　　Capsaicin is the active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. It is an irritant for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact. Capsaicin and several related compounds are called capsaicinoids and are produced as secondary metabolites by chili peppers, probably as deterrents against certain mammals and fungi.Pure capsaicin is a volatile,hydrophobic, colorless, odorless, crystalline to waxy compound.


capsaicin,404-86-4


　　Capsaicin is the chemical compound that makes chili peppers taste hot.Ingredients containing high amounts of capsaicin are widely used as flavorings in spicy cuisines.
　　Hotness in peppers is determined by the amount of capsaicin present. Capsaicin, an acrid, volatile alkaloid, is a general irritant that attacks any tissue it contacts. This leads to the question of why many people love to eat "hot" peppers. Eating chili peppers releases neurotransmitters. These proteins cause the sensations of burning or pain. The body responds by increasing heart rate, increasing the metabolism, and by increasing salivation. Endorphins are also produced by the body in response to capsaicin, which may account for the feeling of pleasure and well-being.
　　Pepper is a superbly of women's health supplements, eating chili is very good for beauty, peppers contain a substance called capsaicin,It can promote the secretion of hormones, accelerate metabolism, burn body fat, the skin becomes smooth, so it has the function of losing weight and beauty. Meanwhile, peppers can also control heart disease and coronary artery disease, stimulate peristalsis, enhance digestion
　　Pepper taste spicy, spicy, and has a good appetite appetizer trigger function. But many women believe that eating chili is easy to get angry, causing his face a "small acne", so for beautiful, although he like eat hot peppers, but also suppress appetite, arm's length.
　　However, pepper can be effective in helping people lose weight. Spicy spices can eaters sweat, thus increasing the energy consumption of the body.
　　Pepper in a way, is a female, "tonic", instead of "enemies." Because pepper bactericidal effect, which also contains a substance called "capsaicin", can promote the secretion of hormones, thus speeding up the metabolism to burn body fat in order to achieve the effect, and thus play a role in weight loss. And chili natural ingredients these days, and in some areas dominated by spicy food, local women are rarely acne problems, skin bigger and more slippery. It seems safe to eat spicy chili for Women.
　　Since we know that the capsaicin in chili has the effect of slimming and beauty, so now, as you will love it anyway?