Where can you buy Voriconazole?

Voriconazole (vor-i-kon-a-zole, brand name VFEND, Pfizer) is a triazole antifungal medication that is generally used to treat serious, invasive fungal infections. These are generally seen in patients who are immunocompromised, and include invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and certain emerging fungal infections.

Voriconazole is a medicine which is used in certain types of fungal infections.

1.  Primary treatment of pulmonary aspergillus

2.  Primary treatment of amphotericin B and fluconazole resistant fungal infections (including Fusarium spp. and Scedosporium apiospermum - asexual form of Pseudoallescheria boydii )

3.  Treatment of invasive fungal infections in patients who are intolerant of, or refractory to, other antifungal therapy

4.  Empirical therapy of neutropenic fever in patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxins (cyclosporin, tacrolimus).

5.  Prophylaxis in high risk patients undergoing mini MUD transplants, mini allogeneic BMTs, allogeneic BMTs, or patients with severe graft versus host disease (GVHD).

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Some question about Voriconazole tablets

Voriconazole is a triazole antifungal medication that is generally used to treat serious, invasive fungal infections. These are generally seen in patients who are immunocompromised, and include invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and certain emerging fungal infections.

1. What is voriconazole ?

Voriconazole is a medicine used to treat infections caused by yeast or fungi (such as Aspergillus or Candida). It works by killing or interfering with the growth of the yeast or fungi.

You may hear voriconazole called by its brand name Vfend®. Voriconazole comes as a tablet or injection. The tablets contain lactose.

2. How to use voriconazole tablets?

Use voriconazole tablets as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.

An extra patient leaflet is available with voriconazole tablets. Talk to your pharmacist if you have questions about this information.

Take voriconazole tablets by mouth on an empty stomach at least 1 hour before or 1 hour after eating.

To clear up your infection completely, take voriconazole tablets for the full course of treatment. Keep taking it even if you feel better in a few days.

If you miss a dose of voriconazole tablets, take it as soon as possible. If it is more than 6 hours after the missed dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

3. What should you do if your child misses a dose of voriconazole?

Give the missed dose as soon as you remember.

If it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose. Give the next dose at the regular time.

Do not give your child two doses to make up for one missed dose.

4. What safety measures should you take when your child is using voriconazole?

Your child should avoid grapefruit juice or grapefruit while taking voriconazole. These increase the amount of voriconazole in the blood, which may cause more side effects. Read the labels of mixed fruit juices to ensure that they do not contain grapefruit juice.

Your child may sunburn more easily than normal while taking voriconazole. To help prevent sunburn:

Avoid direct sunlight, especially between 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.

Avoid sunlamps, bright indoor lights, and tanning beds.

Wear a broad-rimmed hat, long sleeves, long pants, or skirt outside.

Apply a sun block with a SPF 15 or higher.

Because voriconazole may cause vision problems, watch your child’s activities closely until you see how voriconazole affects him or her. For example, your child may have problems with schoolwork, riding a bike, or playing sports.

There are some medicines that should not be taken together with voriconazole or in some cases, the dose of voriconazole or the other medicine may need to be adjusted. It is important that you tell your doctor and pharmacist if your child takes any other medications (prescription, over the counter, and herbal) including:

certain medications used to thin the blood (such as warfarin, coumadin)

sirolimus, tacrolimus

cyclosporine

nifedipine, amlodipine

omeprazole

HIV medications

seizure medications (phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine)

Betamethasone Drugs Information

Betamethasone is a corticosteroid used to treat the inflammation, swelling, and pain of arthritis. Brand name drugs which contain betamethasone include: Celestone, and Celestone Soluspan.

1. Application

Treating certain conditions associated with decreased adrenal gland function. It is used to treat severe inflammation caused by certain conditions, including severe asthma, severe allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, certain blood disorders, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and certain eye and skinconditions. It may be used for certain types of cancer (eg, leukemia). It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.

Betamethasone is a corticosteroid. It works by modifying the body's immune response to various conditions and decreasing inflammation.

2. Pharmacodynamics

Betamethasone and its derivatives, betamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone acetate, are synthetic glucocorticoids. Used for its antiinflammatory or immunosuppressive properties, betamethasone is combined with a mineralocorticoid to manage adrenal insufficiency and is used in the form of betamethasone benzoate, betamethasone dipropionate, or betamethasone valerate for the treatment of inflammation due to corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. Betamethasone and clotrimazole are used together to treat cutaneous tinea infections.

3. Mechanism of action

Betamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. This leads to changes in genetic expression once this complex binds to the GRE. The antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. Betamethasone binds to plasma transcortin, and it becomes active when it is not bound to transcortin.

4. Proper storage of betamethasone

Betamethasone is usually handled and stored by a health care provider. If you are using betamethasone at home, store betamethasone as directed by your pharmacist or health care provider. Keep betamethasone out of the reach of children and away from pets.

5. Toxicity

Symptoms of overdose include burning, itching, irritation, dryness, folliculitis, hypertrichosis, acneiform eruptions, hypopigmentation, perioral dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, maceration of the skin, secondary infection, skin atrophy, striae, and miliaria.

6. Indication

Topical use (cream, lotion and ointment): for relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses

Topical use (foam): relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses of the scalp

Systemic use: for the treatment of edocrine disorders, rheumatic disorders, collagen diseases, dermatological diseases, allergic states, ophthalmic diseases, respiratory diseases, hematologic disorders, neoplastic diseases, edematous states, gastrointestinal diseases, tuberculous meningitis and trichinosis.

1,2,3-Propanetriol Health Information

1,2,3-Propanetriol is a naturally occurring chemical. 1,2,3-Propanetriol (or glycerine, glycerin) is a simple polyol (sugar alcohol) compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. 1,2,3-Propanetriol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The 1,2,3-Propanetriol backbone is central to all lipids known as triglycerides. 1,2,3-Propanetriol is sweet-tasting and of low toxicity.

1. Personal Protective Equipment

Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face

Skin: Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure.

Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to minimize contact with skin.
Respirators:Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced.

2. Accidental Release Measures

General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment .

Spills/Leaks:Absorb spill with inert material (e.g. vermiculite, sand or earth), then place in suitable container. Avoid runoff into storm sewers and ditches which lead to waterways. Clean up spills immediately, observing precautions in the Protective Equipment section. Remove all sources of ignition. Provide ventilation.

3. Handling and Storage

Handling:Wash thoroughly after handling. Wash thoroughly after handling. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Keep container tightly closed. Avoid ingestion and inhalation. Wash clothing before reuse.

Storage: Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.

4. Potential Health Effects

Eye: May cause eye irritation.

Skin: May cause skin irritation. Low hazard for usual industrial handling.

Ingestion: Ingestion of large amounts may cause gastrointestinal irritation. Low hazard for usual industrial handling. May cause headache.

Inhalation: Low hazard for usual industrial handling. Inhalation of a mist of this material may cause respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: No information found.

5. First Aid Measures

Eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. If irritation develops, get medical aid.

Skin: Flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops or persists. Wash clothing before reuse.

Ingestion: Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Do NOT induce vomiting. If conscious and alert, rinse mouth and drink 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Get medical aid if irritation or symptoms occur.


6 . Fire Fighting Measures

General Information:As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire, irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Vapors may be heavier than air. They can spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas. Containers may explode when heated.

Media:Use water spray to cool fire-exposed containers. Use agent most appropriate to extinguish fire. Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or appropriate foam.

Calcium carbonate in Industrial

Calcium carbonate, or CaCO3, comprises more than 4% of the earth’s crust and is found throughout the world.  Its most common natural forms are chalk, limestone, and marble, produced by the sedimentation of the shells of small fossilized snails, shellfish, and coral over millions of years.  Although all three forms are identical in chemical terms, they differ in many other respects, including purity, whiteness, thickness and homogeneity.  Calcium carbonate is one of the most useful and versatile materials known to man.

Calcium carbonate, as it is used for industrial purposes, is extracted by mining or quarrying.  Pure calcium carbonate can be produced from marble, or it can be prepared by passing carbon dioxide into a solution of calcium hydroxide.  In the later case calcium carbonate is derived from the mixture, forming a grade of product called "precipitated calcium carbonate,” or PCC. PCC has a very fine and controlled particle size, on the order of 2 microns in diameter, particularly useful in production of paper.  The other primary type of industrial product is "ground calcium carbonate,” or GCC. GCC, as the name implies, involves crushing and processing limestone to create a powdery-like form graded by size and other properties for many different industrial and pharmaceutical applications.


The main use of calcium carbonate is in the construction industry, either as a building material or limestone aggregate for roadbuilding or as an ingredient of cement or as the starting material for the preparation of builder's lime by burning in a kiln. However, due to weathering mainly caused by acid rain, calcium carbonate (in limestone form) is no longer used for building purposes on its own, and only as a raw/primary substance for building materials.


Calcium carbonate(CAS.NO:471-34-1) is also used in the purification of iron from iron ore in a blast furnace. The carbonate is calcined in situ to give calcium oxide, which forms a slag with various impurities present, and separates from the purified iron.

In the oil industry, calcium carbonate is added to drilling fluids as a formation-bridging and filtercake-sealing agent; it is also a weighting material which increases the density of drilling fluids to control the downhole pressure. Calcium carbonate is added to swimming pools, as a pH corrector for maintaining alkalinity and offsetting the acidic properties of the disinfectant agent.

It is also used as a raw material in the refining of sugar from sugar beet; It is calcined in a kiln with anthracite to produce calcium oxide + carbon dioxide. This burnt lime is then slaked in sweet water to produce a calcium hydroxide suspension for the precipitation of impurities in raw juice during carbonatation.

Calcium carbonate has traditionally been a major component of blackboard chalk. However, modern manufactured chalk is mostly gypsum, hydrated calcium sulfate CaSO4·2H2O. Calcium carbonate is a main source for growing Seacrete, or Biorock. Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), pre-dispersed in slurry form, is a common filler material for latex gloves with the aim of achieving maximum saving in material and production costs.

Fine ground calcium carbonate (GCC) is an essential ingredient in the microporous film used in babies' diapers and some building films as the pores are nucleated around the calcium carbonate particles during the manufacture of the film by biaxial stretching. GCC or PCC is used as a filler in paper because they are cheaper than wood fiber. In terms of market volume, GCC are the most important types of fillers currently used. Printing and writing paper can contain 10–20% calcium carbonate. In North America, calcium carbonate has begun to replace kaolin in the production of glossy paper. Europe has been practicing this as alkaline papermaking or acid-free papermaking for some decades. PCC has a very fine and controlled particle size, on the order of 2 micrometres in diameter, useful in coatings for paper.


Calcium carbonate is widely used as an extender in paints, in particular matte emulsion paint where typically 30% by weight of the paint is either chalk or marble. It is also a popular filler in plastics.Some typical examples include around 15 to 20% loading of chalk in unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) drain pipe, 5 to 15% loading of stearate coated chalk or marble in uPVC window profile. PVC cables can use calcium carbonate at loadings of up to 70 phr (parts per hundred parts of resin) to improve mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) and electrical properties (volume resistivity). Polypropylene compounds are often filled with calcium carbonate to increase rigidity, a requirement that becomes important at high use temperatures. Here the percentage is often 20–40%. It also routinely used as a filler in thermosetting resins (sheet and bulk molding compounds) and has also been mixed with ABS, and other ingredients, to form some types of compression molded "clay" poker chips. Precipitated calcium carbonate, made by dropping calcium oxide into water, is used by itself or with additives as a white paint, known as whitewashing.

Calcium carbonate is added to a wide range of trade and do it yourself adhesives, sealants, and decorating fillers. Ceramic tile adhesives typically contain 70 to 80% limestone. Decorating crack fillers contain similar levels of marble or dolomite. It is also mixed with putty in setting stained glass windows, and as a resist to prevent glass from sticking to kiln shelves when firing glazes and paints at high temperature.


In ceramics/glazing applications, calcium carbonate is known as whiting, and is a common ingredient for many glazes in its white powdered form. When a glaze containing this material is fired in a kiln, the whiting acts as a flux material in the glaze. Ground calcium carbonate is an abrasive (both as scouring powder and as an ingredient of household scouring creams), in particular in its calcite form, which has the relatively low hardness level of 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, and will therefore not scratch glass and most other ceramics, enamel, bronze, iron, and steel, and have a moderate effect on softer metals like aluminium and copper. A paste made from calcium carbonate and deionized water can be used to clean tarnish on silver.

Chemical Properties of Potassium bichromate

The Potassium bichromate , with the CAS register number 7778-50-9, It is a kind of orange red monoclinic system or triclinic system crystalline, and it is slightly soluble in water and easily soluble in hot water while insoluble in ethyl alcohol .
As for its usage, it is widely used in many field. First, it could be used as the chrome alum, chromium oxide green, chrome yellow pigment. Then, it could be mixed with the  feldspar powder and quartz sand to calcine and then comes enamel powder; It is used in modulating the match head to take the function of anti-moisture; It could be applied to as the tanning extracts and mordant in dyeing and printing; It could be used in making spice to be as oxidant. Besides, it is applied in welding rod, printing ink,passivation of metals and also as the oxidant and catalyst for organic synthesis and the raw material of the medicines.

It is a kind of very harmful chemical and you need to very cautious while dealing with it. Because it is dangerous for the environment, and it is toxic and oxidizing. Besides, it may cause cancer, heritable genetic damage, and impair fertility and it may cause harm to the unborn child, and etc. So take these instructions while using it. Wash hands, face, forearms and neck when exiting restricted areas; Wash hands before eating and do not eat, drink, or smoke in workplace; Wear special protective equipment for maintenance break-in or where exposures may exceed established exposure levels. Shower, dispose of outer clothing, change to clean garments at the end of the day; Protect against physical damage; Remove and dispose of any spilled dichromates; do not return to original containers;
When it comes to its storing, containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product; Store in a dry location separate from combustible, organic or other readily oxidizable materials. Avoid storage on wood floors.



Name:Potassium dichromate

EINECS:231-906-6

Molecular Formula:K2Cr2O7

CAS Registry Number:7778-50-9

Synonyms:Potassium dichromate standard solution; Potassium bichromate; Red potassium chromate

Appearance:almost colorless liquid.

Molecular Weight:294.18

Density:2.676

Boiling Point:500°C

Melting Point:398°C

Flash Point:50?°F

Storage Temperature:Store at RT.

Solubility:125 g/L (20 oC) in water
Chemical Properties:Orange solid
General Description:Orange red crystals. Denser than water and soluble in water. No distinctive odor. May severely irritate the eyes and respiratory tract. Avoid contact with organic materials. Noncombustible. Used in pyrotehnic displays with tungsten and iron.
Air & Water Reactions:Soluble in water.
Reactivity Profile:Potassium or sodium dichromate reacts explosively with hydrazine. A drop of anhydrous hydroxylamine on powdered potassium dichromate produces a violent explosion.
Health Hazard: Highly corrosive to skin and mucous membranes. If ingested, causes violent gastroenteritis, peripheral vascular collapse, vertigo, muscle cramps, coma, and (later) toxic nephritis with glycosuria. Allergic reactions may also occur.

Fire Hazard: Behavior in Fire: May decompose, generating oxygen. Supports the combustion of other materials.

Identification of Rifampicin

Rifampicin or rifampin  is a bactericidal antibiotic drug of the rifamycin group.

1. Properties

Name:Rifampicin

EINECS:236-312-0

Molecular Formula:C43H58N4O12

CAS Registry Number:13292-46-1

Appearance:Red to orange crystalline solid

Molecular Weight:822.95

Density:1.34 g/cm3

Boiling Point:1004.42 °C at 760 mmHg

Melting Point:183°C (dec.)

Flash Point:561.253 °C

Storage Temperature:2-8°C

Refractive index:1.613

Solubility:slightly soluble

Stability:Stable under normal shipping and handling conditions.

Usage:Semisynthetic antibiotic. Antibacerial (tuberculostatic)

2. Safety Information

Hazard Codes:Xn,Xi

Risk Statements:22-36/37/38-36/38

Safety Statements:26-36-37/39

WGK Germany :3

RTECS:VJ7000000

F :8-10-21

HS Code:29419000

3. Personal protective equipment

1)Eye/face protection

Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166 Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

2)Skin protection

Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands

3)Body Protection

Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.


4)Respiratory protection

For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator.For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

A anti-inflammatory drug :Naproxen

Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is also known as an NSAID. It is used to relieve pain and inflammation in rheumatic disease, sprains, strains, backache, gout, and period (menstrual) pain.

1. Medical uses

Naproxen(CAS.NO:22204-53-1) is commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions including migraine, osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis and bursitis. It is also used for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

2. Mechanism of action

Naproxen works by blocking a substance in the body called cyclo-oxygenase (also known as COX) which is involved in the production of certain irritant chemicals in response to injury or disease. By blocking the action of COX, naproxen reduces the symptoms of pain and inflammation.


Some forms of naproxen have a special enteric coating to help protect your stomach against irritation. There is also a modified-release form of tablets which allows naproxen to be released slowly to give a more even pain-relieving effect. Naproxen can be used alone, or alongside medicines such as misoprostol or esomeprazole which help protect against stomach irritation.

3. How to store naproxen

*Keep all medicines out of the reach and sight of children.

*Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct heat and light.

4. Dosing

The usual adult dose for pain is 250 every 6 to 8 hours or 500 mg twice daily using regular naproxen tablets. The usual dose for Naprelan controlled release tablets is 750 to 1000 mg given once daily. For EC-Naprosyn, the usual dose is 375-500 mg twice daily.

Naproxen should be given with food to reduce upset stomach. The dose for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis is 500 to 1000 mg every 12 hours. Dysmenorrhea is treated with 250 mg every 6 to 8 hours after an initial dose of 500 mg.

5. Warning


Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (including naproxen) may rarely increase the risk for a heart attack or stroke. The risk may be greater if you have heart disease or increased risk for heart disease (for example, due to smoking, family history of heart disease, or conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes), or with longer use. This drug should not be taken right before or after heart bypass surgery (CABG).

Properties of Proline

Proline (abbreviated as Pro or P) is an α-amino acid, one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. Its codons are CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG. It is not an essential amino acid, which means that the human body can synthesize it. It is unique among the 20 protein-forming amino acids in that the amine nitrogen is bound to not one but two alkyl groups, thus making it a secondary amine. The more common L form has S stereochemistry.

Proline and its derivatives are often used as asymmetric catalysts in organic reactions. The CBS reduction and proline catalysed aldol condensation are prominent examples. L-Proline is an osmoprotectant and therefore is used in many pharmaceutical, biotechnological applications.

D-Proline (CAS NO.344-25-2) is used as synthesizing the drugs. D-Proline , with CAS number of 344-25-2, It is a white to off-white powder.

1.Properties

Name:Proline

EINECS:206-452-7

Molecular Formula:C5H9NO2

CAS Registry Number:344-25-2

Synonyms:D-Prolin; (R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; D-Proline; (2R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; H-D-Pro-OH; D-(+)-Proline; D-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; D-(+)-proline; D-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; D-Proline (Food Grade);

InChI:InChI=1/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8)/t4-/m1/s1

Appearance:White to off-white powder

Molecular Weight:115.13

Density:1.186g/cm3

Boiling Point:252.2 °C at 760 mmHg

Melting Point:223℃

Flash Point:106.3 °C

Alpha:84.75 o (C=4, H2O)

Storage Temperature:Store at RT.

Refractive index:85 ° (C=4, H2O)

Solubility:Soluble

Stability:Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.

Usage: Used in the synthesis of (R)-(+)-N-Boc-Pipecolic Acid, (S)-(-)-Coniine, (S)-(+)-Pelletierine, (+)-.beta.-Conhydrine, and (S)-(-)-Ropivacaine and formal synthesis of (-)-Lasubine II and (+)-Cermizine C.

Usage: Labelled D-Proline

2. Safety Information


Hazard Codes of D-Proline (CAS NO.344-25-2): Xi,Xn

Risk Statements: 22-36/37/38

R22: Harmful if swallowed.

R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.

Safety Statements: 22-24/25-36/37/39-26

S22: Do not breathe dust.

S24/25: Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

S36/37/39: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.

S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.

WGK Germany: 3

F: 3-10

Hazard Note: Irritant

Cypermethrin used in agricultural

Cypermethrin belongs to a class of insecticides known as synthetic pyrethroids, found in Cynoff EC, Cynoff WP, Cyper TC Termiticide, Cyper WP, and Demon WP pesticide concentrates. Synthetic pyrethroids are man-made insecticides created to mimic the chemical properties of the naturally-occurring insecticide pyrethrum, which comes from the crushed petals of the Chrysanthemum flower. Synthetic pyrethroids, like cypermethrin, are often preferred to the real thing as active ingredients because they offer the added bonus of remaining effective for longer periods of time.

1. Application

Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide in large-scale commercial agricultural applications as well as in consumer products for domestic purposes. It behaves as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects. It is easily degraded on soil and plants but can be effective for weeks when applied to indoor inert surfaces. It was synthesised in 1974 and first marketed in 1977, by Shell.

Cypermethrin is highly toxic to fish, bees and aquatic insects, according to the National Pesticides Telecommunications Network (NPTN). It is found in many household ant and cockroach killers, including Raid and ant chalk. Cypermethrin is a synthetic chemical similar to the pyrethrins in pyrethrum extract (whichcomes fromthe chrysanthemum plant). Pyrethroids, including cypermethrin were designed to be effective longer than pyrethrins.

2. Environmental effects

Cypermethrin is a broad-spectrum insecticide, which means it kills beneficial insects and animals as well as the targeted insects. Fish are particularly susceptible to cypermethrin.Resistance to cypermethrin has developed quickly in insects exposed frequently and can render it ineffective.

The typical half-life of cypermethrin in the soil is 30 days, although it can range from two to eight weeks. Soil microbes rapidly break down cypermethrin. Cypermethrin has an extremely low potential to move in the soil. It is unlikely to contaminate groundwater because it binds tightly to soil particles.

3. Mechanism

Cypermethrin begins working immediately upon contact or ingestion, leading to insect knock-down and death. Cypermethrin kills by acting as a high-power poison to the central nervous system. Once poisoned, the insect’s nerve cells become excited, causing paralysis and preventing normal feeding and grooming activities. Absence of these activities leads to the insect’s eventual or immediate death.

4. Cypermethrin Toxicity

Cypermethrin has low toxicity to humans, mammals and birds.


Excessive exposure can cause nausea, headache, muscle weakness, salivation, shortness of breath and seizures. In humans, cypermethrin is deactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis to several carboxylic acid metabolites, which are eliminated in the urine. Worker exposure to the chemical can be monitored by measurement of the urinary metabolites, while severe overdosage may be confirmed by quantitation of cypermethrin in blood or plasma.

Cypermethrin Chemical Information

Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide in large-scale commercial agricultural applications as well as in consumer products for domestic purposes. It behaves as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects. It is easily degraded on soil and plants but can be effective for weeks when applied to indoor inert surfaces. Exposure to sunlight, water and oxygen will accelerate its decomposition. Cypermethrin is highly toxic to fish, bees and aquatic insects, according to the National Pesticides Telecommunications Network (NPTN). It is found in many household ant and cockroach killers, including Raid and ant chalk.


Name:Cypermethrin

EINECS:257-842-9

Molecular Formula:C22H19Cl2NO3

CAS Registry Number:52315-07-8

Appearance:Yellowish brown viscous semi-solid mass

Molecular Weight:416.32

Density:1.329 g/cm3

Boiling Point:511.3 oC at 760 mmHg

Melting Point:60-80 °C

Flash Point:263 °C

Storage Temperature:20°C

Refractive index:n20/D 1.57

Solubility:insoluble in water

Biological Activity:Type II synthetic pyrethroid insecticide; an extremely potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of calcineurin.

Stability:Stable. Incompatible with bases, strong oxidizing agents.

Usage:Synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, usually exists as a mixture of cis and trans isomers. Ectoparasiticide

Medicine:Metformin Hydrochloride

Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets 500mg belong to a group of medicines called biguanide oral anti−hyperglycaemic agents. It works by lowering your blood−sugar level.

Metformin Hydrochloride(CAS.NO:1115-70-4) is used to treat non−insulin dependent diabetes when a change of diet has failed to reduce blood sugar levels, particularly if overweight.It may be used alone as initial therapy or along with another group of medicines called sulphonylureas, which stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin. Sometimes Metformin Hydrochloride is also used to treat patients suffering from insulin dependent diabetes, who are over weight (obese) and whose symptoms are poorly controlled.

If your blood sugar levels are not controlled, it can lead to serious problems such as kidney damage, amputations and blindness. Metformin Hydrochloride is thought to work by decreasing the amount of sugar absorbed from food through the stomach, by helping the body respond better to the insulin it makes naturally and by decreasing the amount of sugar produced by the liver and kidneys.


1. Introduction of Metformin hydrochloride

Metformin hydrochloride is one kind of crystalline solid or white powder. The IUPAC Name of this chemical is 3-(Diaminomethylidene)-1,1-dimethylguanidine hydrochloride. Besides, Metformin hydrochloride belongs to Intermediates & Fine Chemicals; Pharmaceuticals; API's; Miscellaneous Compounds. In addition, Metformin hydrochloride Classification Code is Antidiabetic; Drug / Therapeutic Agent; Skin / Eye Irritant. Metformin hydrochloride is freely soluble in water and is practically insoluble in acetone, ether and chloroform.

2. Uses of Metformin hydrochloride

Metformin hydrochloride is an oral hypoglycemic agent. It can lower plasma glucose levels and improves insulin sensitivity. Metformin hydrochloride Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis via activation of the LKB1/AMPK pathway. Displays antiproliferative effects in cancer cell lines.

3. Production of Metformin hydrochloride

Metformin hydrochloride is derived by Dimethylamine salt reacting with Dicyandiamide

4. Mechanism of Action


Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Its pharmacologic mechanisms of action are different from other classes of oral antihyperglycemic agents. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin does not produce hypoglycemia in either patients with type 2 diabetes or normal subjects (except in special circumstances, see PRECAUTIONS) and does not cause hyperinsulinemia. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and day-long plasma insulin response may actually decrease.

Cisplatin Chemical Information

The Cisplatin, with the CAS registry number 15663-27-1,is also known as cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum(II). It belongs to the product categories of ammine metal halide;Anti Cancer Reagents;chemical reaction,pharm,electronic,materials. Its EINECS number is 239-733-8. This chemical's molecular formula is Cl2H6N2Pt and molecular weight is 300.05. What's more,Its systematic name is Cisplatin.It is a Crystalline which is an inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.



Name:Cisplatin

EINECS:239-733-8

Molecular Formula:Cl2H6N2Pt

CAS Registry Number:15663-27-1

Appearance:Orange-yellow to deep yellow solid or powder

Molecular Weight:300.05

Density:3.7

Melting Point:270℃

Storage Temperature:Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. Poison room locked. Keep containers tightly closed.

Solubility:<0.1 g/100 mL at 19 oC in water

Biological Activity:Potent anticancer agent that blocks DNA synthesis. Induces apoptosis via p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Inhibits X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) expression and activates caspase-3. In certain glioma cell lines, sensitizes cells to TNF- α -induced apoptosis.

Stability:Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, aluminium, antioxidants

Usage:Used as an antineoplastic

Chemical Properties: Crystalline

Usage: Used as an antineoplastic

General Description: An anticancer drug. Orange-yellow to deep yellow solid or powder


Air & Water Reactions: Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile: Cisplatin is incompatible with oxidizing agents. Cisplatin is also incompatible with aluminum. Cisplatin may react with sodium bisulfite and other antioxidants.

Fire Hazard: Flash point data for Cisplatin are not available; however, Cisplatin is probably combustible.

Safety Information of Cisplatin:


The Cisplatin is Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin and it may cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact. so it should avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. It is risk of serious damage to the eyes.  In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. When you use it ,wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)

Compounds:Voriconazole

Voriconazole , its cas register number is 137234-62-9. It also can be called Voriconazole [USAN:INN:BAN] ; (alphaR,betaS)-alpha-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-5-fluoro-beta-methyl-alpha-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4-pyrimidineethanol ; 4-Pyrimidineethanol, alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-fluoro-beta-methyl-alpha-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-,(alphaR,betaS)- ; DRG-0301 ; UK-109,496 ; UNII-JFU09I87TR ; VRC ; Vfend ; Voriconazole ; (R-(R*,S*))-alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-fluoro-beta-methyl-alpha-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4-pyrimidineethanol ; 4-Pyrimidineethanol, alpha-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-fluoro-beta-methyl-alpha-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-, (R-(R*,S*))- . It is a cyrstalline solid.

Voriconazole (CAS NO.137234-62-9) is generally used to treat serious, invasive fungal infections. These are generally seen in patients who are immunocompromised, and include invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and certain emerging fungal infections.


Name:Voriconazole

Molecular Formula:C16H14F3N5O

CAS Registry Number:137234-62-9

InChI:InChI=1S/C16H14F3N5O/c1-10(15-14(19)5-20-7-22-15)16(25,6-24-9-21-8-23-24)12-3-2-11(17)4-13(12)18/h2-5,7-10,25H,6H2,1H3/t10-,16+/m0/s1

Appearance:white to off white crystalline powder

Molecular Weight:349.31047 [g/mol]

Density:1.42 g/cm3

Boiling Point:508.6 °C at 760 mmHg

Melting Point:127-130 °C

Flash Point:261.4 °C

Biological Activity:Triazole antifungal agent. Displays potent activity against Candida , Cryptococcus and Aspergillus species

Usage:An antifungal. An Ergosterol Biosynthesis inhibitor

Betamethasone Chemical Properties

The Betamethasone is an organic compound with the formula C22H29FO5. The IUPAC name of this chemical is (8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,16S,17R)-9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one. With the CAS registry number 378-44-9, it is also named as (11β,16α)-9-Fluor-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4-dien-3,20-dion. The product's categories are Biochemistry; Hydroxyketosteroids; Steroids; Intermediates & Fine Chemicals; Pharmaceuticals. Besides, it is a white to off-white solid.

The Betamethasone is a corticosteroid used as a topical cream to relieve skin irritation, such as itching and flaking from eczema. Betamethasone dipropionate and salicylic acid can be used as a treatment for local psoriasis. Betamethasone is also used to stimulate fetal lung maturation (prevention of IRDS), and to decrease the incidence and mortality from intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants.

1. Properties

Name:Betamethasone

EINECS:206-825-4

Molecular Formula:C22H29FO5

CAS Registry Number:378-44-9

Appearance:white to off-white crystalline powder

Molecular Weight:392.47

Density:1.32g/cm3

Boiling Point:568.2°Cat760mmHg

Melting Point:235-237℃

Flash Point:297.5°C

Storage Temperature:0-6°C

Refractive index:118 ° (C=1, Dioxane)

Solubility:Sparingly sol in acetone and alc sparingly sol in dioxane,methanol;very slightly sol in chloroform&ether In water, 66.5 mg/l @ 25 deg C

Usage:Glucocorticoid

2. Personal protective equipment

1)Eye/face protection

Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

2)Skin protection

Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

The selected protective gloves have to satisfy the specifications of EU Directive 89/686/EEC and the standard EN 374 derived from it.

3)Body Protection

Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place., The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

4)Respiratory protection

Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

What's 3-Indolebutyric acid?

The 3-Indolebutyric acid, with the CAS registry number 133-32-4, is also known as 4-(Indol-3-yl)butyric acid. It belongs to the product categories of Indole derivative; Fatty & Aliphatic Acids, Esters, Alcohols & Derivatives; Carboxylic Acids; Pyrroles & Indoles; Indole; Organic acids; Auxins; Biochemistry; Indoles; Plant Growth Regulators; Simple Indoles; Plant Hormones; Carboxylic Acids; Heterocycles. Its EINECS number is 205-101-5. This chemical's molecular formula is C12H13NO2 and molecular weight is 203.24. What's more, its systematic name is 4-(1H-Indol-3-yl)butanoic acid.



Name:3-Indolebutyric acid

EINECS:205-101-5

Molecular Formula:C12H13NO2

CAS Registry Number:133-32-4

Synonyms:4-(3-1H-Indolyl)butyric acid; Indole-3-butyric acid IBA; 4-(3-Indolyl)butyric acid; Indole-3-butyric acid,[4-(3-Indolyl)butyric acid]; Indole-3-butyric acid; Naftidrofuryl; IBA

InChI:InChI=1/C12H13NO2/c14-12(15)7-3-4-9-8-13-11-6-2-1-5-10(9)11/h1-2,5-6,8,13H,3-4,7H2,(H,14,15)

HS Code:29339990

Appearance:white to light yellow crystalline powder

Molecular Weight:203.24

Density:1.252 g/cm3

Boiling Point:426.6 °C at 760 mmHg

Melting Point:120-125℃

Flash Point:211.8 °C

Storage Temperature:2-8°C

Solubility:Soluble

Stability:Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Light sensitive.

Usage:Plant growth regulator.Used to stimulate root formation of plant clippings. Suitable for plant cell culture tested.

Uses of 3-Indolebutyric acid:

it can be used to produce 4-(2,3-Dihydro-indolyl-(3))-buttersaeure. It will need reagent bis(trifluoroacetoxy)borane-THF and solvents tetrahydrofuran, trifluoroacetic acid. The yield is about 85%.

When you are using 3-Indolebutyric acid, please be cautious about it as the following:

This chemcial is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. In case of insufficient ventilation, you should wear suitable respiratory equipment. It is toxic if swallowed. In case of contact with eyes, you should rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. When using it, you need wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. In case of accident or if you feel unwell, you must seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).


Meimei is a website edit person of the guidechem.com.Guidechem.com was established with the aim to build the most comprehensive database of chemical products and contain most complete suppliers, making chemical trading more efficient, convenient and safe. facilitate global chemical trading and bring chemical buyers & sellers from all over the world to one common chemical platform.And now guidechem.com B2B network has been named "2010 China's e-commerce website industry TOP100".

Where can you get Di-tert butyl dicarbonate?

Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate is a reagent widely used in organic synthesis. This carbonate ester reacts with amines to give N-tert-butoxycarbonyl or so-called t-BOC derivatives. These derivatives do not behave as amines, which allows certain subsequent transformations to occur that would have otherwise affected the amine functional group. The t-BOC can later be removed from the amine using acids. Thus, t-BOC serves as a protective group, for instance in solid phase peptide synthesis. It is unreactive to most bases and nucleophiles, allowing for an orthogonal Fmoc protection.
Di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate Using:

1、Di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (DIBOC) is used  in the organic synthesis to introduce amino acid protection gene.
                               
2、Because it must synthesize one kind of compound similar to the natural multi-peptide, also must connect each kind of optical rotation amino acid to certain length the peptide chain according to certain order, when needed to combine  one kind of amino acid the carboxyl group and another kind of amino acid amino, must prevent to combine identical kind of amino acid mutually, therefore, in synthesis , it must protect certain aminos or the carboxyl group,In order to react in the way which is required to carry on.

3、Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate is one well capable protecting agent for amino acid , utilized specially in the amino acid amino protection, widely applied in the medicine, the protein and the multi-peptide synthesis, biochemistry food, the cosmetics and many kinds of product synthesis.In. Compared with the traditional amino acid protecting agent like chloro-carbonic acid animal pen ester, the chloro-carbonic acid - P wu formic acid, it has the following merit:

a、Competitive price


b、No intense irritant flavor, no harm to human body, but may cause skin allergy if contact the skin directly, and may strip with water.


c、Using this product to synthesize the multi-peptides, the remove condition of this protection gene is temperate, and it is easier to separate the responded product compared with using other types of amino acid protecting agent.


d、Has the ignitability, but does not belong to flammable explosive
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Meimei is a website edit person of the guidechem.com.Guidechem.com was established with the aim to build the most comprehensive database of chemical products and contain most complete suppliers, making chemical trading more efficient, convenient and safe. facilitate global chemical trading and bring chemical buyers & sellers from all over the world to one common chemical platform.And now guidechem.com B2B network has been named "2010 China's e-commerce website industry TOP100".

Naproxen Properties

Naproxen (naprosyn) is one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to treat certain types of arthritis. Naproxen tablets were approved by the FDA in 1976. On January 11, 1994, the FDA approved naproxen in a nonprescription form.Naproxen  is commonly used for relief of a wide variety of pain, fever, inflammations, and stiffness.

Naproxen is one kind of white to light yellow crystal powder and belongs to the classes of Carboxylic Acids (Chiral); Chiral Building Blocks; for Resolution of Bases; Optical Resolution; Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Intermediates & Fine Chemicals; Pharmaceuticals. The IUPAC name is (2S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid. In addition, the Classification Code is Analgesic; Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-inflammatory agents, non-steroidal; Antipyretic; Antirheumatic Agents; Cyclooxygenase inhibitors; Drug / Therapeutic Agent; Enzyme Inhibitors; Gout suppressants; Human Data; Mutation data; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Reproductive Effect; Sensory System Agents. Naproxen can soluble in organic solvents.




Name:Naproxene

EINECS:244-838-7

Molecular Formula:C14H14O3

CAS Registry Number:22204-53-1

Synonyms:(S)-(+)-2-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionic acid; (+)-6-Methoxy-alpha-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid; Naproxen
InChI:InChI=1/C14H14O3/c1-9(14(15)16)10-3-4-12-8-13(17-2)6-5-11(12)7-10/h3-9H,1-2H3,(H,15,16)/t9-/m0/s1

Appearance:white powder

Molecular Weight:230.26

Density:1.197g/cm3

Boiling Point:403.9°Cat760mmHg

Melting Point:153-154℃

Flash Point:154.5°C

Storage Temperature:Keep in a cool, dry, dark location in a tightly sealed container or cylinder. Keep away from incompatible materials, ignition sources and untrained individuals. Secure and label area. Protect containers/cylinders from physical damage.

Refractive index:67.5 ° (C=1, CHCl3)

Solubility:practically insoluble at low and soluble at high

Stability:No data.

Usage:An anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

4-Bromofluorobenzene Properties

4-Bromofluorobenzene,  its cas register number is 460-00-4. It also can be called 1-bromo-4-fluoro-benzen; 1-Fluoro-4-bromobenzene; 4-Bromfluorbenzol; 4-Fluorbrombenzol; 4-Fluoro-1-bromobenzene; 4-Fluorophenyl bromide; 4-fluorophenylbromide; Benzene, 1-bromo-4-fluoro. 4-Bromofluorobenzene(CAS NO.460-00-4) is a clear colorless liquid and belongs to the Organic chemicals and Derivatives.  4-Bromofluorobenzene is used in pharmaceutical, pesticide synthesis.


Name:4-Bromofluorobenzene

EINECS:207-300-2

Molecular Formula:C6H4BrF

CAS Registry Number:460-00-4

InChI:InChI=1/C6H4BrF/c7-5-1-3-6(8)4-2-5/h1-4H

HS Code:29036990

Appearance:White to pale yellow crystalline powder

Molecular Weight:175

Density:1.593

Boiling Point:151-153℃

Melting Point:-16℃

Flash Point:53℃

Storage Temperature:0-6°C

Refractive index:1.526-1.528

Solubility:Insoluble

Stability:Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.

Chemical Properties: clear colorless liquid

General Description: Colorless liquid.

Air & Water Reactions: Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile: Simple aromatic halogenated organic compounds, such as 4-Bromofluorobenzene, are very unreactive. Reactivity generally decreases with increased degree of substitution of halogen for hydrogen atoms. Materials in this group may be incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they may be incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides.

Health Hazard: Acute/Chronic Hazards: Irritant.


When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:

1. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice;

2. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection;

3. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking;

4. In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible);

5. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves;

6. Keep container tightly closed.

Arginine hydrochloride Properties

Arginine hydrochloride contains not less than 98.5 per cent and not more than the equivalent of 101.0 per cent of the hydrochloride of (S)-2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid,calculated with reference to the dried substance.It is a  white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless crystals, freely soluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol.


Name:Arginine hydrochloride

EINECS:214-275-1

Molecular Formula:C6H14N4O2.HCl

CAS Registry Number:1119-34-2

Synonyms:Arginine,monohydrochloride, L- (8CI); L-Arginine, monohydrochloride (9CI); Argamine; L-Arginine HCl

InChI:InChI=1S/C6H14N4O2/c7-4(5(11)12)2-1-3-10-6(8)9/h4H,1-3,7H2,(H,11,12)(H4,8,9,10)

HS Code:29252000

Appearance:White crystalline powder

Molecular Weight:210.70

Density:1.46 g/cm3

Boiling Point:409.1°C at 760 mmHg

Melting Point:226-230 °C

Flash Point:201.2°C

Alpha:22 o (C=8,6N HCL)

Storage Temperature:2-8°C

Solubility:H2O: 100 mg/mL

Stability:Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

Usage:Biologically significant amino acid.

Methanaminium,1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1)

Name:Methanaminium,1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1)

EINECS:209-683-1

Molecular Formula:C5H12ClNO2

CAS Registry Number:590-46-5

Synonyms:1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium chloride; Betaine HCl; BETAINE CHLORIDE

InChI:InChI=1/C5H11NO2.ClH/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8;/h4H2,1-3H3;1H

HS Code:29239000

Appearance:colorless to white crystals

Molecular Weight:153.6

Density:1 g/cm3

Melting Point:241-242℃

Storage Temperature:Store in a cool, dry place. Store in a tightly closed container.

Solubility:64.7 g/100 mL (25 °C) in water

Stability:Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.

Usage:Used to treat a lack of or defect in certain enzymes that causes too much homocysteine in the blood and urine.

Cinnamyl alcohol Identification

Cinnamyl alcohol is an organic compound that is found in esterified form in storax, balsam Peru and cinnamon leaves. It forms a white crystalline solid when pure, or a yellow oil when even slightly impure. It can be produced by the hydrolysis of storax. Cinnamyl alcohol has a distinctive odour described as "sweet, balsam, hyacinth, spicy, green, powdery, cinnamic" and is used in perfumery and as a deodorant.

1. Properties

Name:Cinnamyl alcohol

EINECS:203-212-3

Molecular Formula:C9H10O

Percent Composition: C 80.56%, H 7.51%, O 11.92%

Literature References: The trans-form occurs (in the esterified form) in storax and in balsam Peru, cinnamon leaves, hyacinth oil. Obtained by the alkaline hydrolysis of storax. Prepd synthetically by reducing cinnamal diacetate with iron filings and acetic acid; from cinnamaldehyde by Meerwein-Ponndorf reduction with aluminum isopropoxide:

CAS Registry Number:104-54-1

Synonyms:3-Phenyl-2-propene-1-ol; 3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol; Cinnamic alcohol

InChI:InChI=1/C9H10O/c10-8-4-7-9-5-2-1-3-6-9/h1-7,10H,8H2/b7-4+

Index of refraction: nD20 1.58190; nD33 1.57580

Appearance:colourless solid

Molecular Weight:134.18

Density:1.044

Boiling Point:258℃

Melting Point:31-35℃

Flash Point:126℃

Storage Temperature:Store at 32F (0C) in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Special vented containers may be required. Separate from oxidizing materials, acids, and alkalies. Protect against damage. Keep in containers made of fluorosilicone glass or stainless steel in a standard combustible material store at or near 0C.

Solubility:1.8 g/L (20 oC) in water

Stability:Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

Usage:Chemical intermediate for acetoacetic esters & acetoacetanilides, n,n-dialkylacetoacetamides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, for pigments & toners, food preservatives, insecticides, dicrotophos, & the fungicide, dehydroacetic acid.

Toxicity data: LD50 (g/kg): 2.0 orally in rats; >5.0 dermally in rabbits (Letizia)

2. Safety

The Cinnamyl alcohol is harmful if swallowed .It is irritating to eyes and skin .And it may cause sensitization by skin contact,so you need avoid contact with skin. When you use it ,wear suitable protective clothing ,gloves and eye/face protection.In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.


Cinnamyl alcohol has been found to have a sensitising effect on some people and as a result is the subject of a Restricted Standard issued by IFRA (International Fragrance Association).

Metformin hydrochloride Properties

Metformin hydrochloride is one kind of crystalline solid or white powder. The IUPAC Name of this chemical is 3-(Diaminomethylidene)-1,1-dimethylguanidine hydrochloride. Besides, Metformin hydrochloride belongs to Intermediates & Fine Chemicals; Pharmaceuticals; API's; Miscellaneous Compounds. In addition, Metformin hydrochloride Classification Code is Antidiabetic; Drug / Therapeutic Agent; Skin / Eye Irritant. Metformin hydrochloride is freely soluble in water and is practically insoluble in acetone, ether and chloroform.

1. Properties of Metformin hydrochloride

Name:Metformin hydrochloride

EINECS:214-230-6

Molecular Formula:C4H12ClN5

CAS Registry Number:1115-70-4

Appearance:crystalline solid

Molecular Weight:165.62

Boiling Point:224.1 °C at 760 mmHg

Melting Point:223-226℃

Flash Point:89.3 °C

Solubility:Soluble in water, 95% alcohol. Practically insoluble in ether, chloroform.

Biological Activity:Antidiabetic agent; lowers plasma glucose levels and improves insulin sensitivity. Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis via activation of the LKB1/AMPK pathway. Displays antiproliferative effects in cancer cell lines.

Usage:An oral hypoglycemic agent

2. Safety information of Metformin hydrochloride
Hazard Codes: Xn

Risk Statements: 22-36/38

R22:Harmful if swallowed.

R36/38:Irritating to eyes and skin.

Safety Statements: 26-36

S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.

S36:Wear suitable protective clothing.

WGK Germany: 3

RTECS: DU1800000

3. Uses of Metformin hydrochloride

Metformin hydrochloride is an oral hypoglycemic agent. It can lower plasma glucose levels and improves insulin sensitivity. Metformin hydrochloride Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis via activation of the LKB1/AMPK pathway. Displays antiproliferative effects in cancer cell lines.


4. Production of Metformin hydrochloride

Metformin hydrochloride is derived by Dimethylamine salt reacting with Dicyandiamide.

How Cisplatin Works on treating cancer

Cisplatin(CAS.NO:15663-27-1), cisplatinum, or cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II) is a chemotherapy drug. It was the first member of a class of platinum-containing anti-cancer drugs, which now also includes carboplatin and oxaliplatin. These platinum complexes react in vivo, binding to and causing crosslinking of DNA, which ultimately triggers apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Cancerous tumors are characterized by cell division, which is no longer controlled as it is in normal tissue.   "Normal" cells stop dividing when they come into contact with like cells, a mechanism known as contact inhibition.  Cancerous cells lose this ability.  Cancer cells no longer have the normal checks and balances in place that control and limit cell division.  The process of cell division, whether normal or cancerous cells, is through the cell cycle.  The cell cycle goes from the resting phase, through active growing phases, and then to mitosis (division).

The ability of chemotherapy to kill cancer cells depends on its ability to halt cell division.  Usually, the drugs work by damaging the RNA or DNA that tells the cell how to copy itself in division.  If the cells are unable to divide, they die.  The faster the cells are dividing, the more likely it is that chemotherapy will kill the cells, causing the tumor to shrink.  They also induce cell suicide (self-death or apoptosis).

Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells only when they are dividing are called cell-cycle specific.  Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells when they are at rest are called cell-cycle non-specific.  The scheduling of chemotherapy is set based on the type of cells, rate at which they divide, and the time at which a given drug is likely to be effective.  This is why chemotherapy is typically given in cycles.

Chemotherapy is most effective at killing cells that are rapidly dividing.  Unfortunately, chemotherapy does not know the difference between the cancerous cells and the normal cells. The "normal" cells will grow back and be healthy but in the meantime, side effects occur.  The "normal" cells most commonly affected by chemotherapy are the blood cells, the cells in the mouth, stomach and bowel, and the hair follicles; resulting in low blood counts, mouth sores, nausea, diarrhea, and/or hair loss.  Different drugs may affect different parts of the body.

Cisplatin is classified as an alkylating agent.  Alkylating agents are most active in the resting phase of the cell.  These drugs are cell cycle non-specific.


Following administration, one of the chloride ligands is slowly displaced by water (an aqua ligand), in a process termed aquation. The aqua ligand in the resulting [PtCl(H2O)(NH3)2]+ is itself easily displaced, allowing the platinum atom to bind to bases. Of the bases on DNA, guanine is preferred. Subsequent to formation of [PtCl(guanine-DNA)(NH3)2]+, crosslinking can occur via displacement of the other chloride ligand, typically by another guanine. Cisplatin crosslinks DNA in several different ways, interfering with cell division by mitosis. The damaged DNA elicits DNA repair mechanisms, which in turn activate apoptosis when repair proves impossible. Recently it was shown that the apoptosis induced by cisplatin on human colon cancer cells depends on the mitochondrial serine-protease Omi/Htra2. Since this was only demonstrated for colon carcinoma cells, it remains an open question if the Omi/Htra2 protein participates in the cisplatin-induced apoptosis in carcinomas from other tissues.

Most notable among the changes in DNA are the 1,2-intrastrand cross-links with purine bases. These include 1,2-intrastrand d(GpG) adducts which form nearly 90% of the adducts and the less common 1,2-intrastrand d(ApG) adducts. 1,3-intrastrand d(GpXpG) adducts occur but are readily excised by the nucleotide excision repair (NER). Other adducts include inter-strand crosslinks and nonfunctional adducts that have been postulated to contribute to cisplatin's activity. Interaction with cellular proteins, particularly HMG domain proteins, has also been advanced as a mechanism of interfering with mitosis, although this is probably not its primary method of action.


Note that although cisplatin is frequently designated as an alkylating agent, it has no alkyl group and so cannot carry out alkylating reactions. It is correctly classified as alkylating-like.

Luteolin:anti-inflammation and anticancer

Luteolin, 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone, is a common flavonoid that exists in many types of plants including fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs. Plants rich in luteolin have been used in Chinese traditional medicine for treating various diseases such as hypertension, inflammatory disorders, and cancer.

Luteolin(CAS.NO:491-70-3) has multiple biological effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-allergy and anticancer, luteolin functions as either an antioxidant or a pro-oxidant biochemically. The biological effects of luteolin could be functionally related to each other. For instance, the anti-inflammatory activity may be linked to its anticancer property. Luteolin's anticancer property is associated with the induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis. Furthermore, luteolin sensitizes cancer cells to therapeutic-induced cytotoxicity through suppressing cell survival pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and stimulating apoptosis pathways including those that induce the tumor suppressor p53. These observations suggest that luteolin could be an anticancer agent for various cancers.


When compared to other flavonoids, only luteolin and quercetin inhibited platelet-activating factor and suppressed a type of inflammatory response induced by allergens by inhibiting lipoxygenase.   Luteolin inhibited the excess production of TNF-alpha, which directly causes inflammation and apoptosis  (cell death). The scientists who conducted the study concluded that luteolin could be used to develop a novel type of anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drugs. .

A study assessed the antioxidant potencies of several dietary flavonoids compared with vitamin C. Pretreatment with all flavonoids and vitamin C produced dose-dependent reductions in oxidative DNA damage. When ranked in order of potency, luteolin was two times more effective than vitamin C by the Trolox test and more effective than seven other flavonoids in reducing DNA oxidative damage.

A 2010 University of Illinois study funded by the National Institutes of Health found that luteolin, a super-nutrient that had already been documented as having anti-inflammatory effects in the body, can also reduce brain inflammation and reverse age-related memory deficits by directly blocking the release of inflammatory molecules in the brain.


It’s common knowledge that antioxidants reduce inflammation in the body and that inflammation is the cause behind much illness, including many auto-immune diseases. Inflammation in the brain seems to play a major role in age-related memory loss. The University of Illinois study suggests that luteolin acts directly on the immune cells in the brain and spinal cord (known as microglial cells), reducing their production of inflammatory cytokines in the brain, small proteins that affect communication between and behavior of cells. Luteolin’s effect in decreasing the release of these proteins helps protect,


Luteolin has been studied in several preliminary in vitro scientific investigations. Proposed activities include antioxidant activity (ie. scavenging of free radicals), promotion of carbohydrate metabolism, and immune system modulation. Other in vitro studies suggest luteolin has anti-inflammatory activity, and that it acts as a monoamine transporter activator, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor,and an interleukin 6 inhibitor. In vivo studies show luteolin affects xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia in mice. In vitro and in vivo experiments also suggest luteolin may inhibit the development of skin cancer. Importantly, the therapeutic value of the above findings is unclear, and will remain so until further detailed in vivo, toxicity, and clinical studies are performed.