2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide

2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide (INN) is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide is used topically to relieve itching, burning and pain from skin inflammations, injected as a dental anesthetic or as a local anesthetic for minor surgery.

1.How should this medicine be used?

2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide viscous comes as a thick liquid and should be shaken well before using. 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide viscous usually is used as needed but not more frequently than every 3 hours, with a maximum of 8 doses in 24 hours. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Use 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide exactly as directed. Do not use more or less of it or use it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

For a sore or irritated mouth, the dose should be placed in the mouth, swished around until the pain goes away, and spit out.

For a sore throat, the dose should be gargled and then may be swallowed. To avoid or decrease side effects, use the minimum amount of drug needed to relieve your pain.

Because 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide viscous decreases the feeling in your mouth and/or throat, it may affect your ability to swallow. Avoid eating for at least 1 hour after you have used this drug. You should also avoid chewing gum while using this medication.

2.Missed dose

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.

3.Side effect

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are rare when 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide is used as a local anesthetic and is administered correctly. Most ADRs associated with 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide for anesthesia relate to administration technique (resulting in systemic exposure) or pharmacological effects of anesthesia, and allergic reactions only rarely occur.
Systemic exposure to excessive quantities of 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide mainly result in central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular effects – CNS effects usually occur at lower blood plasma concentrations and additional cardiovascular effects present at higher concentrations, though cardiovascular collapse may also occur with low concentrations. CNS effects may include CNS excitation (nervousness, tingling around the mouth (also known as circumoral paraesthesia), tinnitus, tremor, dizziness, blurred vision, seizures) followed by depression, and with increasingly heavier exposure: drowsiness, loss of consciousness, respiratory depression and apnoea. Cardiovascular effects include hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias, and/or cardiac arrest – some of which may be due to hypoxemia secondary to respiratory depression.

Something about Triacetin

1.chemical properties

Name:Triacetin 

EINECS:203-051-9

Molecular Formula:C9H14O6

CAS Registry Number:102-76-1

Appearance:colourless liquid with a bitter taste

Molecular Weight:218.21

Density:1.155

Boiling Point::258°C

Melting Point::3°C

Flash Point::148°C

Refractive index::1.429-1.433

Solubility:64.0 g/L (20 °C)

Stability:Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Combustible.

2.Safety Information 

Safety Statements: 23-24/25 

WGK Germany: 1

RTECS: AK3675000

HS Code: 29153930 

Hazardous Substances Data: 102-76-1(Hazardous Substances Data)

3.Application

1. component of casting liquor used as a plasticizer and solvent ;

2. food additive as humectant ;

3. plasticizer applied to the cigarette filter ;

4. flavor and essence fixative and lubricate in cosmetics ;

5. excipient in pharmaceutical products as a humectant, a plasticzer and a solvent ;

6. fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline ;

7. fuel additive to improve cold flow and viscosity properties of biodiesel .

Triacetin's safety and application

Triacetin is a liquid with a boiling point of 258 °C and a vapour pressure of 0.003306 hPa at 25 °C. It is soluble in water. The Henry’s Law constant (1.23 x 10-8 atm m3/mol) for triacetin indicates that the compound is essentially non-volatile from water.


Triacetin is used for the solidification of acetyl cellulose fibres in the manufacture of cigarette filters. The water content must be kept constant to achieve constant solidification.

Triacetin is also used as a support for flavourings and essences in the food industry and as a plasticiser for chewing gum.

In technical applications, Triacetin is used for example as a core sand binder in the metal foundry sector. Another application is inks and printing
inks. Triacetin is used as a highlyeffective plasticiser for cellulose-based plastics.

The exposure of triacetin may occur mainly according to the following three scenarios.

(1) Occupational exposure: inhalation and dermal route in the industries.

(2) Consumer exposure: intake and dermal/inhalation route through the use as a food additive and topical antifungal and perfume fixative or cigarette filter, respectively.

(3) Environmental exposure: emission to aquatic compartment from waste water and evaporative emissions associated with its use in the perfume and cosmetic industries and its use as a solvent and CO2 remover from natural gas, and disposal of consumer products containing triacetin.


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General Description of 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone is a clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Flash point below 141°F. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. It is a chemical compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2C(OH)(CH3)2. This liquid is a common synthetic intermediate used for the preparation of other compounds.It occurs naturally in Sleepy grass (Achnatherum robustum).

Air & Water Reactions:

Highly flammable. Soluble in water.

Reactivity Profile:

Acetyl bromide reacts violently with alcohols or water. Mixtures of alcohols with concentrated sulfuric acid and strong hydrogen peroxide can cause explosions. Example: An explosion will occur if dimethylbenzylcarbinol is added to 90% hydrogen peroxide then acidified with concentrated sulfuric acid. Mixtures of ethyl alcohol with concentrated hydrogen peroxide form powerful explosives. Mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and 1-phenyl-2-methyl propyl alcohol tend to explode if acidified with 70% sulfuric acid. Alkyl hypochlorites are violently explosive. They are readily obtained by reacting hypochlorous acid and alcohols either in aqueous solution or mixed aqueous-carbon tetrachloride solutions. Chlorine plus alcohols would similarly yield alkyl hypochlorites. They decompose in the cold and explode on exposure to sunlight or heat. Tertiary hypochlorites are less unstable than secondary or primary hypochlorites. Base-catalysed reactions of isocyanates with alcohols should be carried out in inert solvents. Such react
ions in the absence of solvents often occur with explosive violence.

Health Hazard:

Vapor is irritating to the mucous membrane of the eye and respiratory tract. Inhalation can cause dizziness, nausea, some anesthesia. Very high concentrations have a narcotic effect. The liquid is not highly irritating to the skin but can cause dermatitis.

Fire Hazard:

Highly flammable: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

Uses:

It is used in cellulose ester lacquers, particularly of the brushing type, where it produces brilliant gloss and hard film and where its lack of odor is desirable. It is used in lacquer thinners, dopes, wood stains, wood preservatives and printing pastes; in coating compositions for paper and textiles; permanent markers;in making artificial silk and leather; in imitation gold leaf; in celluloid cements; as a preservative for animal tissue; in metal cleaning compounds; in the manufacture of photographic film; and in hydraulic brake fluids, where it is usually mixed with an equal volume of castor oil.

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone

1.Identification of 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone

CAS No. 123-42-2

Chemical Name:4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone

Synonyms:DAA;Pyraton;Pyranton;Tyranton;Diacetone;pyrantona;Pyrantona;Diacetonalcoo

l;Diacetonalcohol;Diacetonalkohol

CBNumber:CB9783177

Molecular Formula:C6H12O2

Formula Weight:116.16

MOL File:123-42-2.mol

mp : -42.8 °C

bp : 166 °C(lit.)

density : 0.9385

vapor density : 4 (vs air)

vapor pressure :<1 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

refractive index :n20/D 1.423(lit.)

Fp : 132 °F

Water Solubility :MISCIBLE

Merck :14,2964

BRN :1740440

Stability:: Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, amines, ammonia, strong acids, strong bases, alkalies, aluminium.

CAS DataBase Reference:123-42-2(CAS DataBase Reference)

NIST Chemistry Reference:4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one(123-42-2)

EPA Substance Registry System: 2-Pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-(123-42-2)

2.Safety
Hazard Codes :Xi

Risk Statements :36

Safety Statements : 24/25

RIDADR :UN 1148 3/PG 3

WGK Germany :1

RTECS : SA9100000

F :9

HazardClass :3

PackingGroup :III

Hazardous Substances Data:123-42-2

Potassium hydrogencarbonate

Potassium ion is the principal intracellular cation of most body tissues. Potassium ions participate in many essential physiological processes, such as the maintenance of intracellular tonicity, nerve impulse transmission, enzymatic reactions in intermediary metabolism, cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle function, and the maintenance of normal renal function.

An oral potassium supplement. Each effervescent tablet in solution provides 25 mEq of potassium as supplied by 2.4g Potassium hydrogencarbonate with 1.4g Citric Acid, FD and C Yellow #6 Dye, FD and C Yellow #6 Lake,  Natural Orange Flavor, Polyethylene Glycol, Saccharin, Sodium Benzoate, and Sorbitol. So people can get potassium by take the  Potassium hydrogencarbonate in the effervescent tablet.

Potassium depletion may occur whenever the rate of potassium loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of potassium intake.  Potassium depletion usually develops slowly as a result of lengthy therapy with oral diuretics, primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism, diabetic ketoacidosis, or inadequate replacement of potassium in patients on prolonged parenteral nutrition. 

Depletion is additionally associated with severe diarrhea, accompanied by vomiting.  Potassium depletion due to these causes is usually accompanied by a concomitant loss of chloride and is manifested by hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis.  Potassium depletion may result in fatigue, weakness, nausea, drowsiness, loss of appetite, edema, oliguria and chronic ileus with distention.  Potassium deficiency may be manifested by shallow breathing, lowered blood pressure, disturbances of cardiac rhythm (primarily ectopic beats), prominent U-waves in the electrocardiogram, or other ECG changes, such as lengthened Q-T interval, depressed S-T segment, and depressed or inverted T-wave. In advanced cases of potassium deficiency, flaccid paralysis and/or impaired ability to concentrate urine may be evident.

Indications an usage:

1. For therapeutic use in patients with hypokalemia with or without metabolic alkalosis; in digitalis intoxication and in patients with hypokalemic familial periodic paralysis.

2. For prevention of potassium depletion when the dietary intake of potassium is inadequate in the following conditions; patients receiving digitalis and diuretics for congestive heart failure; hepatic cirrhosis with ascites; states of aldosterone excess with normal renal function; potassium-losing nephropathy, and certain diarrheal states.

3. The use of potassium salts in patients receiving diuretics for uncomplicated essential hypertension is often unnecessary when such patients have a normal dietary pattern.  Serum potassium should be checked periodically, however, and, if hypokalemia occurs, dietary supplementation with potassium-containing foods may be adequate to control milder cases.  In more severe cases supplementation with potassium salts may be indicated.

Hemodialysis can also be used as an effective alternative means to remove excess potassium.

Dosage and administration: Adults - One effervescent tablet (25 mEq potassium) completely dissolved in three to four ounces or more of cold water and taken two to four times daily, or as directed by physician.  It is suggested this potassium solution be taken with meals and sipped slowly over a five to ten minute period.  Do not open foil pouch until time of use.

2–methylimidazole production

2-methylimidazole, also known as two-methylimidazole,it is white needle crystal or crystalline powder under room temperature . Relative molecular mass of 82.11. Melting point 145 ~ 146 °C. Boiling point 267 °C.it Can be sublimated. Flash point of 160 °C. Insoluble in ether, cold benzene, soluble in water, alcohols, ketones. Irritant to skin and mucous membranes. Mice by mouth LD501400mg/kg. 2 - methylimidazole pesticide production antitrichomonal Flagyl (metronidazole) intermediates. Is epoxy resin curing agent, and other curing accelerator, an amine curing agent occupies a special position in the epoxy resin curing agent in the temperature, may be used alone, in a short time after heat treatment, heating can be obtained cured high temperature deformation. It is mainly used for powder molding and powder coating curing accelerator. May 2 - imidazoline dehydrogenation.


1.Chemical properties
2-methylimidazole is Solid. Soluble in water, ethanol, slightly soluble in cold benzene.
2.Use
Metronidazole for pharmaceutical intermediates, epoxy resin curing agent,
The material is drug metronidazole and feed growth promoters dimethyl azole intermediates, as well epoxy and other resin curing agent. As the temperature of the solid epoxy resin through the agent may be used alone, but primarily for powder molding and powder coating curing accelerator.
2.Production
1)glyoxal, acetaldehyde, and ammonia as raw materials, the reaction of 2-methyl-imidazole crude, sublimation purification, can be obtained products.
2)ethylenediamine and acetonitrile as raw materials, the reaction in the presence of sulfur to produce imidazoline, again in the presence of a nickel catalyst, at 200 °C dehydrogenation, can be prepared from 2 - methylimidazole products.
3)to glyoxal and methylamine in the presence of formaldehyde reaction, can be obtained.

Production methods from 2-imidazoline dehydrogenation eliminated. 2-imidazoline heating and melting (melting point 107 °C), active nickel was added carefully, the reaction temperature was raised to 200-210 °C 2h. Cooling to below 150 °C, dissolved in water, hot pressure filtration, separation active nickel, the filtrate was concentrated to a temperature above 140 °C, discharge cooling that is to give 2-methylimidazole. With the production of a purity of ≥ 98% of the product, 1t products consume ethylene diamine (95%) 1095kg, acetonitrile 975kg. A better approach is to use glyoxal and formaldehyde as raw materials.

Something about Silver nitrate

Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula AgNO3. This compound is a versatile precursor to many other silver compounds, such as those used in photography. It is far less sensitive to light than the halides. It was once called lunar caustic because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists.

Silver nitrate

Silver nitrate is the least expensive salt of silver; it offers several other advantages as well. It is non-hygroscopic, in contrast to silver fluoroborate and silver perchlorate. It is relatively stable to light. Finally, it dissolves in numerous solvents, including water. The nitrate can be easily replaced by other ligands, rendering AgNO3 versatile. Treatment with solutions of halide ions gives a precipitate of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I). When making photographic film, silver nitrate is treated with halide salts of sodium or potassium to form insoluble silver halide in situ in photographic gelatin, which is then applied to strips of tri-acetate or polyester. Similarly, silver nitrate is used to prepare some silver-based explosives, such as the fulminate, azide, or acetylide, through a precipitation reaction.

Silver salts have antiseptic properties. Until the development and widespread adoption of antibiotics, dilute solutions of AgNO3 used to be dropped into newborn babies' eyes at birth to prevent contraction of gonorrhea from the mother. Eye infections and blindness of newborns was reduced by this method; incorrect dosage, however, could cause blindness in extreme cases. This protection was first used by Credé in 1881.Fused silver nitrate, shaped into sticks, was traditionally called "lunar caustic". It is used as a cauterizing agent, for example to remove granulation tissue around a stoma. General Sir James Abbott noted in his journals that in India in 1827 it was infused by a British surgeon into wounds in his arm resulting from the bite of a mad dog to cauterize the wounds and prevent the onset of rabies.Dentists sometimes use silver nitrate infused swabs to heal oral ulcers. Silver nitrate is also used by some podiatrists to kill cells located in the nail bed. Silver nitrate is also used to cauterize superficial blood vessels in the nose to help prevent nose bleeds.
As an oxidant, silver nitrate should be properly stored away from organic compounds. Despite its common usage in extremely low concentrations to prevent gonorrhea and control nose bleeds, silver nitrate is still very much toxic and corrosive.Brief exposure will not produce any immediate side effects other than the purple, brown or black stains on the skin; but upon constant exposure to high concentrations, side effects will be noticeable, which include burns. Long-term exposure may cause eye damage. Silver nitrate is known to be a skin and eye irritant.

Silver nitrate is currently unregulated in water sources by the Environmental Protection Agency. However, if more than 1 gram of silver is accumulated in the body, a condition called argyria may develop. Argyria is a permanent cosmetic condition in which the skin and internal organs turn a blue-gray color. The United States Environmental Protection Agency used to have a maximum contaminant limit for silver in water until 1990, when it was determined that argyria did not impact the function of any affected organs.Argyria is more often associated with the consumption of colloidal silver solutions rather than with silver nitrate, since it is only used at extremely low concentrations to disinfect the water. However, it is still important to be wary before ingesting any sort of silver-ion solution.

Properties of Silver nitrate

Product Name:Silver nitrate

CAS:7761-88-8

mp: 212 °C (dec.)(lit.)

bp: 444°C

density: 4.35 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)

vapor density: 5.8 (vs air)

Fp:40 °C

storage temp:2-8°C

solubility H2O: soluble

Water Solubility: 219 g/100 mL (20 ºC)

Sensitive: Light Sensitive

Merck: 14,8518

CAS DataBase Reference:7761-88-8

Chemical Properties:Colorless or white solid

General Description:A colorless or white crystalline solid becoming black on exposure to 

light or organic material.

Air & Water Reactions:Water soluble.

Health Hazard:Concentrated solutions will produce irritation, ulceration, and discoloration 

of the skin; also causes severe irritation of the eyes. Ingestion will produce violent 

abdominal pain and other gastroenteric symptoms.

Fire Hazard Behavior in Fire: Increases flammability of combustibles.

Silver nitrate is noncombustible but, as an oxidizing agent, can accelerate the burning of 

combustible materials. If large quantities are involved in a fire or the combustible material is finely divided, an explosion may result. Prolonged exposure to fire or heat may result in 

an explosion. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires. Light sensitive. Mixtures with 

alkyl esters may explode owing to the formation of alkyl nitrates. Mixtures with phosphorus, 

tin(II) chloride, or other reducing agents may react explosively . Reacts with acetylene in 

the presence of ammonia to form silver acetylide, a powerful detonator when dry . Reaction 

with ethyl alcohol (or other alcohols) may produce silver fulminate, which can explode when 

disturbed. An intimate mixture of Silver nitrate and magnesium may ignite spontaneously on contact with a drop of water. An explosion occurred when purified phosphine was passed 

rapidly into a concentrated solution of Silver nitrate. When a mixture of 28% ammonium 

hydroxide and Silver nitrate solution was treated with a small amount of sodium hydroxide. 

Black precipitate, silver nitride exploded on stirring.

How to use niclosamide properly?

Niclosamide (CAS.NO:50-65-7) is a teniacide ("tenia-" referring to tapeworm) in the anthelmintic family especially effective against cestodes that infect humans. It is also used as a piscicide. It is stressed that while antihelmintics are a drug family used to treat worm infections, Niclosamide is used specifically to treat tapeworms and is not effective against other worms such as pinworms or roundworms. It is a chewable tablet taken orally, dosage depending on type of worm and patient's age and/or weight. Niclosamide molecules are lethal to tapeworms upon contact.

 niclosamide,50-65-7

The medication can have side effects such as abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, and emesis. Rarely, dizziness, skin rash, drowsiness, perianal itching, and an unpleasant taste.so maybe you should know how to ues it proper.

1.No special preparations or additional steps (for example, special diets, fasting, other medicines, laxatives, or enemas) are necessary before, during, or immediately after taking niclosamide.

2.Niclosamide may be taken on an empty stomach (either 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal). However, to prevent stomach upset, it is best taken after a light meal (for example, breakfast).

3.Niclosamide tablets should be thoroughly chewed or crushed and then swallowed with a small amount of water. If niclosamide is being given to a young child, the tablets should be crushed to a fine powder and mixed with a small amount of water to form a paste.

4.For patients taking niclosamide for beef tapeworms or broad or fish tapeworms:

5.To help clear up your infection completely, take niclosamide exactly as directed by your doctor. Usually one dose is enough. However, in some patients a second dose of niclosamide may be required to clear up the infection completely.

6.To help clear up your infection completely, keep taking niclosamide for the full time of treatment (usually 7 days) , even if your symptoms begin to clear up after a few days. In some patients, a second course of niclosamide may be required to clear up the infection completely. If you stop taking niclosamide too soon, your infection may return. Do not miss any doses. Some patients with tapeworm infections may not notice any symptoms or may have only mild symptoms.

Indapamide medicine

Indapamide is a diuretic (water pill) that is used primarily for the treatment of high blood pressure. It works by preventing the kidney from reabsorbing (retaining in the body) salt and water that is destined to be eliminated in the urine. This results in increased urine output (diuresis). Indapamide also is thought to reduce the salt in the smooth muscle of the walls of blood vessels. (The salt ultimately is eliminated in the urine.) The loss of salt from the muscle causes the muscle to relax, and the relaxation of the vessels results in reduced blood pressure. Indapamide was approved by the FDA in 1983.

Indapamide,26807-65-8

Indapamide is used to treat high blood pressure. Indapamide is also used to reduce extra salt and fluid in the body (edema) caused by a certain heart problem (congestive heart failure). Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. Decreasing extra salt and fluid in the body helps to decrease swelling and breathing problems from congestive heart failure and increases your ability to exercise.Indapamide is a "water pill" (diuretic) that increases the amount of urine you make. Getting rid of extra water and salt may help to relax the blood vessels so that blood can flow more easily. These effects help to lower blood pressure and decrease the amount of work the heart must do to pump blood.


Take indapamide by mouth with or without food, usually once daily in the morning or as directed by your doctor. It is best to avoid taking this medication within 4 hours of your bedtime to avoid having to get up during the night to urinate. Consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have questions about your dosing schedule.The dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment.Use this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take it at the same time each day. It is important to continue taking this medication even if you feel well. Most people with high blood pressure do not feel sick. It may take up to several weeks before the full benefit of this drug takes effect.Tell your doctor if your condition does not improve or if it worsens (your blood pressure readings remain high or increase).


Store at room temperature between 59-86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medicines away from children and pets.Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so.

What should to be take care of about Indapamide?

Indapamide is a thiazide-like diuretic drug marketed by Servier, generally used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated cardiac failure.

Indapamide

Indapamide belongs to a group of medicines called diuretics. A diuretic is a medicine which increases the amount of urine that you pass out from your kidneys. They are often referred to as water tablets. Diuretics are a common treatment for hypertension (high blood pressure).

Diuretics like indapamide work by interfering with the transport of salt and water across certain cells in your kidneys. The effect of this is to make your kidneys pass out more urine. They also widen (dilate) blood vessels. A combination of these two effects reduces high blood pressure.

Indapamide can be used on its own or alongside other medicines which reduce blood pressure. It is also available as a combination tablet with a medicine called perindopril arginine.

Treatment for high blood pressure is usually long-term. Although many people with high blood pressure do not feel unwell, if left untreated, high blood pressure can harm your heart and damage your blood vessels. This damage may later result in a heart attack, stroke, or kidney problems, so it is important that you continue to take these tablets regularly to help reduce the risk of this.

Try to keep your regular appointments with your doctor. This is so your doctor can monitor your blood pressure and check on your progress. Also, the salt balance in your bloodstream may be upset by indapamide and your doctor may want you to have a blood test from time to time to check for this.

You may be given some lifestyle or dietary advice by your doctor, such as stopping smoking, reducing the amount of salt in your diet and taking some regular exercise. Following this advice will also help to reduce the risk of damage to your heart and blood vessels.

Diuretics like indapamide help you to lose water. Occasionally you may lose too much and become dehydrated. Let your doctor know if you feel constantly thirsty, your mouth is dry, or your skin looks and feels dry.

Drinking alcohol while you are on indapamide may make you feel dizzy. Ask for your doctor's advice about whether you should avoid alcohol.

If you buy any medicines, check with a pharmacist that they are suitable to take alongside indapamide.

If you are having an operation or dental treatment, tell the person carrying out the treatment which medicines you are taking.

If you are an athlete, you should be aware that indapamide may give a positive reaction in doping tests.

Fenofibrate medicine

Fenofibrate is a prescription medication that is used to decrease triglycerides (a fat-like substance) and cholesterol levels in the body.


Fenofibrate has  several uses:

Improving cholesterol levels in people with hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) or dyslipidemia (unhealthy cholesterol levels). Fenofibrate can reduce total cholesterol, LDL ("bad" cholesterol), apo B (a component of cholesterol that is related to several heart disease risk factors), and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein cholesterol). The medication can also raise HDL ("good" cholesterol).

Triglycerides in people with hypertriglyceridemia (high triglyceride levels). Very high triglyceride levels in the body increase the risk for developing a condition known as pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).

Fenofibrate may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:

*constipation

*diarrhea

*heartburn

*pain in the back, arm, or legs

*headache
Some side effects can be serious. If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately:

*weakness

*muscle pain or tenderness

*joint pain

*fever

*blistering or peeling skin

*rash

*hives

*pain in the upper back between the shoulder blades or under the right shoulder

*stomach pain, especially in the upper right part of the stomach

*nausea

*vomiting

*redness, swelling, pain, tenderness, or warmth in one leg

*shortness of breath

*pain when breathing

*coughing up blood

Chemical Properties of Fenofibrate

Fenofibrate (Abbott's Tricor) is a drug of the fibrate class. It is mainly used to reduce cholesterol levels in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Like other fibrates, it reduces both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein(VLDL) levels, as well as increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and reducing triglycerides level. It is used alone or in conjunction with statins in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Next is its chemical properties.


Name:Fenofibrate

EINECS:256-376-3

Molecular Formula:C20H21ClO4

CAS Registry Number:49562-28-9

InChI:InChI=1/C20H21ClO4/c1-13(2)24-19(23)20(3,4)25-17-11-7-15(8-12-17)18(22)14-5-9-16(21)10-6-14/h5-13H,1-4H3

Appearance:White or yellowish crystalline powder

Molecular Weight:360.84

Density:1.177 g/cm3

Boiling Point:469.8 °C at 760 mmHg

Melting Point:80-81°C

Flash Point:165.4 °C

Storage Temperature:Keep tightly closed.

Solubility:0.1 mg/L (37 C)

Stability:Stable at normal temperatures and pressures.

Usage:Antilipemic. It is a lipid regulating drug. Increases high density lipoprotein levels by reducing cholesteryl ester transfer protein expresion.

Apigenin Function

Apigenin is a flavone compound found almost ubiquitously in plant compounds. It is most commonly isolated in abundance from the plant Matricaria recutita L, or Asteraceae.

Some of the more popular and abundant sources include chamomile tea grapefruits, onions, oranges and some spices such as parsley. and is also found in higher levels (relative to other foods) in celery, yarrow, tarragon, cilantro, foxglove, coneflower, licorice, flax, passion flower, horehound, spearmint, basil, and oregano. It is also found in red wine and beer and is an active ingredient in the memory herb Gingko Biloba. Chamomile is approximately 0.8-1.2% apigenin by weight.
In food and herbal sources, the active apigenin is found in the form of various acylated derivates and Apigenin-7-O-glucoside.
Apigenin, in the form of Biapigenin, can exert a neuroprotective effect against excitotoxicity and prevent calcium build-up in neural mitochondria.

Apigenin possesses anxiolytic effects by acting as a benxodiazepine ligand, and has no muscle relaxant or sedative effects at normal dosages (3-10mg/kg bodyweight) but sedation was observed at 3 and 10-fold said dose.(30-100mg/kg bodyweight)

Apigenin is known as one of the Bioflavonoids compounds in which has high selectivity to induce selective apoptosis of cancer cells in vivo.Like other bioflavonoid compounds apigenin can reduce oxidative stress, induce cell cycle inhibition, increase hepatic detoxification enzyme efficacy, and act as anti-inflammatory to a degree.

Laboratory animal studies suggest that apigenin exerts anti-mutagenic properties that occur in response to exogenous toxins and bacteria and plays direct roles in metal chelation, free radical scavenging, and induction of phase II detoxification enzymes such as glutathione. It is also an inhibitor of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase, which may promote some tumor growth.


The presence of Apigenin in vivo seems to exert acute protective effects against carcinogenic insults as well.

Information about Tert-Butylhydroquinone

Tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ, tertiary butylhydroquinone) is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol. It is a derivative of hydroquinone, substituted with tert-butyl group.

Tert-Butylhydroquinone,584-84-9

1.Action

Tert-butylhydroquinone (Tert-Butylhydroquinone), the major metabolite of butylated hydroxyanisole, induces an antioxidant response through the redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). However, the mechanism by which Tert-Butylhydroquinone induces Nrf2 activity is not entirely understood. Here, we show that Tert-Butylhydroquinone preferentially alters the redox status in the mitochondrial compartment in HeLa cells. HeLa cells treated with Tert-Butylhydroquinone showed a preferential oxidation of mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 (Trx2), while cellular glutathione and cytosolic thioredoxin-1 were not affected. Preferential mitochondrial oxidation by Tert-Butylhydroquinone was supported by detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) specific to this compartment. To determine the role of Trx2 in regulating downstream effects of Tert-Butylhydroquinone, HeLa cells were transiently transfected with an empty, Trx2, or C93S (Cys93Ser) Trx2 dominant-negative mutant expression vector. Overexpression of Trx2 decreased basal mitochondrial ROS production, whereas expression of C93S Trx2 enhanced it. In addition, under untreated conditions, expression of C93S Trx2 led to an increase in the basal activities of Nrf2. With Tert-Butylhydroquinone treatments, Trx2 overexpression suppressed Nrf2 accumulation and activity, whereas expression of C93S Trx2 had no effect on the degree of inducibility or Nrf2 accumulation but did increase the overall activity of Nrf2. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of Nrf2-regulated gene expression corroborate Trx2 control of Tert-Butylhydroquinone-mediated Nrf2 activation. These data show a compartment-specific effect where Tert-Butylhydroquinone-induced Nrf2 signaling is mediated by Trx2 and suggest that antioxidant status in various compartments would provide different levels of control of redox signaling.

2.Application

Tert-Butylhydroquinone is a highly effective antioxidant.

In foods, it is used as a preservative for unsaturated vegetable oils and many edible animal fats.It does not cause discoloration even in the presence of iron, and does not change flavor or odor of the material to which it is added.It can be combined with other preservatives such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).

As a food additive, its E number is E319. It is added to a wide range of foods, with the highest limit (1 gram/kg) permitted for frozen fish and fish products. Its primary advantage is enhancing storage life.

It is used industrially as a stabilizer to inhibit autopolymerization of organic peroxides. 

It is also used as a corrosion inhibitor in biodiesel.

In perfumery, it is used as a fixative to lower the evaporation rate and improve stability. 

It is also added to varnishes, lacquers, resins, and oil field additives.

3.Side effect

Consuming high doses (between 1 and 4 grams) of Tert-Butylhydroquinone can cause nausea, delirium, collapse, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and vomiting.There are also suggestions that it may lead to hyperactivity in children as well as asthma, rhinitis and dermatitis. It may also further aggravate ADHD symptoms and cause restlessness.Long term, high doses of Tert-Butylhydroquinone in laboratory animals have shown a tendency for them to develop cancerous precursors in their stomachs, as well as cause DNA damage to them. It is also suggested that it may be responsible for affecting estrogen levels in women.

Tert-Butylhydroquinone’s safety

Tert-Butylhydroquinone is used as a preservative for unsaturated vegetable oils and many edible animal fats.

Tert-Butylhydroquinone

Tert-Butylhydroquinone is a highly effective antioxidant.It does not cause discoloration even in the presence of iron, and does not change flavor or odor of the material to which it is added. It can be combined with other preservatives such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). As a food additive, its E number is E319. It is added to a wide range of foods, with the highest limit (1000 mg/kg) permitted for frozen fish and fish products. Its primary advantage is enhancing storage life. It is used industrially as a stabilizer to inhibit autopolymerization of organic peroxides. In perfumery, it is used as a fixative to lower the evaporation rate and improve stability. It is also added to varnishes, lacquers, resins, and oil field additives.


Consuming high doses (between 1 and 4 grams) of Tert-Butylhydroquinone can cause nausea, delirium, collapse, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and vomiting. There are also suggestions that it may lead to hyperactivity in children as well as asthma, rhinitis and dermatitis. It may also further aggravate ADHD symptoms and cause restlessness. Long term, high doses of Tert-Butylhydroquinone in laboratory animals have shown a tendency for them to develop cancerous precursors in their stomachs, as well as cause DNA damage to them. It is also suggested that it may be responsible for affecting estrogen levels in women.


Both the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have evaluated Tert-Butylhydroquinone and determined that it is safe to consume at the concentration allowed in foods.The FDA sets an upper limit of 0.02% of the oil or fat content in foods. At higher doses, it has some negative health effects on lab animals, such as producing precursors to stomach tumors and damage to DNA.A number of studies have shown that prolonged exposure to high doses of Tert-Butylhydroquinone may be carcinogenic, especially for stomach tumors.Other studies, however, have shown opposite effects including inhibition against HCA-induced carcinogenesis (by depression of metabolic activation) for Tert-Butylhydroquinone and other phenolic antioxidants (Tert-Butylhydroquinone was one of several, and not the most potent).The EFSA considers Tert-Butylhydroquinone to be non-carcinogenic.A 1986 review of scientific literature concerning the toxicity of Tert-Butylhydroquinone determined that there is a wide margin of safety between the levels of intake by humans and the doses that produce adverse effects in animal studies.

Lithium hydroxide monohydrate's safety

Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH. It is a white hygroscopic crystalline material. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. It is available commercially in anhydrous form and as the monohydrate (LiOH.H2O), both of which are strong bases.



Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is used in preparation of other lithium salts where use of carbonate is not practical; as a catalyst in the production of alkyd resins, in esterifications. Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is also used in the production of lithium soaps, greases and sulfonates.

1.Identification

Application:A compound used in the preparation of lithium salts

CAS Number:1310-66-3

Purity: ≥98%

Molecular Weight:41.96

Molecular Formula:LiOH?H2O

Appearance:White crystalline

Physical State: Solid

Solubility:Soluble in water (216 mg/ml at 20 °C), ethanol (freely), and alcohol
(slightly).

Storage:Store at room temperature

Boiling Point: 924 °C

Density:1.51 g/cm3 at 20 °C


2.Stability

*Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate is stable under normal storage and temperature
conditions.

*Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate is incompatible with acids, aluminum and zinc.



3.Health Hazards

*Corrosive to the eyes (may cause blindness), skin, nose and throat.

*Continuous inhalation exposure may cause lung damage.

*Use local exhaust ventilation to reduce airborne concentrations.



4.Storage

*Store in a cool, dry location

*Keep containers closed and sealed

*Do not storage close to acids or water

Effect of Naringin

Flavonoids work as powerful antioxidants, protecting the body from free radicals.
Flavonoids also strengthen capillary walls, assisting circulation and helping prevent bruising and bleeding, and some flavonoids are strong anti-inflammatory agents, helping control damage to tissues. Citrus bioflavonoids are thought to work by strengthening the walls of blood vessels.



Naringin is most commonly used in the nutrition industry to increase uptake of supplements such as caffeine for added performance. It works by interfering with the activity of enzymes in the intestines and thus the breakdown of nutrients and supplements, which leads to higher levels of these compounds in the body.

Naringin also appears to work as an aldose reductase inhibitor, which inhibit the enzyme that turns glucose into other sugars that can't leave the cell thereby allowing it to drain away safely, preventing damage. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is another aldose reductase inhibitor that's used to control blood sugar.

Naringin's properties may explain the popularity and possible benefits of the grapefruit diet during the 1970's. People used grapefruit juice to reduce appetite for weight loss and enhance taste sensation because the naringin in the juice stimulates the taste buds.

Studies financed by Tropicana are finding that naringin in citrus juice may increase levels of good (HDL) cholesterol. Boosting levels of HDL cholesterol slows accumulation of artery-clogging plaque and may support long-term heart health. On the downside: if you drink too much fruit juice, you jack up your blood sugar and consume a great deal of extra sugary carbs. As a solution, researchers are making supplements that offer the benefits of naringin and other citrus bioflavonoids without the high sugar levels found in citrus fruits. In fact, the juice isn't even the best source of naringin anyway: higher levels are found in the peel.

Citrus bioflavonoids like naringin may also help prevent and heal injuries, including bruising and bleeding by maintaining capillaries, which are microscopic blood vessels that allow oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and antibodies to pass from the blood into cells. If capillary walls are too fragile, they will allow blood to drain out of the vessels and into the cells, causing easy bruising and bleeding.

Because naringin can alter the metabolism of certain drugs so that they remain in the bloodstream longer, taking naringin supplements can result in higher-than-expected levels of those drugs in the blood, which may cause a variety of unwanted side-effects. As a result, patients should not take any drugs with naringin or grapefruit juice without first consulting a licensed health care provider. In addition, the effects of taking naringin and/or drinking grapefruit juice are cumulative; the more naringin that is ingested, the greater its interaction with certain drugs and other nutrients.

3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde, a compound released from cork stoppers into wine.

3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

This molecule can be used as a precursor in the vanillin synthesis by biotransformation by cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens, a type of Chili pepper. It is also found in the mushroom Phellinus linteus.

Title: 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

CAS Registry Number: 139-85-5

CAS Name: 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

Additional Names: 3,4-dihydroxybenzenecarbonal; protocatechuic aldehyde; rancinamycin IV; protocatechualdehyde

Molecular Formula: C7H6O3

Molecular Weight: 138.12

Percent Composition: C 60.87%, H 4.38%, O 34.75%

Literature References: Prepn from catechol: Reimer, Tiemann, Ber. 9, 1268 (1876); Tiemann, Koppe, ibid. 14, 2015 (1881); from

vanillin: Tiemann, Haarmann, ibid. 7, 620 (1874); from veratric aldehyde: Dreyfus, DE 193958; Frdl. 9, 161 (1908-10); from piperonal: Hoering, Baum, Ber. 41, 1914 (1908); Barger, J. Chem. Soc. 93, 563 (1908); Buck, Zimmerman, Org. Synth. coll. vol. II, 549 (1943).
Properties: Platelets from water or toluene. Dimorphic. Dec 153-154°. pK (25°) 7.55. Soly in water (g/100 ml): 5 (20°); 33 (99°); in

ethanol: 79 (78°). Freely sol in ether.


pKa: pK (25°) 7.55

Something of Tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate

Tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H3(NCO)2. Two of the six possible isomers are commercially important: 2,4-TDI (CAS: 584-84-9) and 2,6-TDI (CAS: 91-08-7).



1.Synthesis

2,4-TDI is prepared in three steps from toluene, which is doubly nitrated with nitric acid to give dinitrotoluene. This step determines the isomer ratio of the ultimate TDI. Hydrogenation of the dinitrotoluene produces the corresponding isomers of diaminotoluene (TDA). Finally, the TDA is subjected to phosgenation, i.e. treatment with phosgene to form TDI. This final step produces HCl as a byproduct and is a major source of industrial hydrochloric acid.

2.application

The isocyanate functional groups in TDI react with a hydroxyl groups to form urethane linkages. The two isocyanate groups in TDI react at different rates: The 4-position is approximately four times more reactive than the 2-position. 2,6-TDI is a symmetrical molecule and thus has two isocyanate groups of similar reactivity, similar to the 2-position on 2,4-TDI. However, since both isocyanate groups are attached to the same aromatic ring, reaction of one isocyanate group will cause a change in the reactivity of the second isocyanate group.

3.Hazard

The LD50 for TDI is 5800 mg/kg for oral contact and LC50 of 610 mg/m3 for the vapour. Despite the indicated low toxicity, TDI is classified as “very toxic” by the European Community.


Information is available on handling, personal protective equipment, exposure monitoring, transport, storage, sampling and analysis of TDI, dealing with accidents, and health and environmental themes. All major producers of TDI are members of the International Isocyanate Institute, whose aim is the promotion of the safe handling of TDI in the workplace, community, and environment.

Identification of 303-42-4

1.Identification of 303-42-4

Name:Androst-1-en-3-one,1-methyl-17-[(1-oxoheptyl)oxy]-, (5a,17b)-

EINECS:206-141-6

Molecular Formula:C27H42O3

CAS Registry Number:303-42-4

Synonyms:5a-Androst-1-en-3-one, 17b-hydroxy-1-methyl-, heptanoate(6CI,8CI); 1-Methyl-17b-hydroxy-5a-androst-1-en-3-oneenanthate; 1-Methyl-D1-androsten-17b-ol-3-one enanthate; 17b-Hydroxy-1-methyl-5a-androst-1-en-3-one 17b-enanthate; 17b-Hydroxy-1-methyl-5a-androst-1-en-3-one heptanoate; Metenolone enanthate; Methenolone17-enanthate; NSC 64967; Primobolan Depot; SH 601; SQ 16374;

InChI:InChI=1/C27H42O3/c1-5-6-7-8-9-25(29)30-24-13-12-22-21-11-10-19-17-20(28)16-18(2)27(19,4)23(21)14-15-26(22,24)3/h16,19,21-24H,5-15,17H2,1-4H3/t19-,21-,22-,23-,24-,26-,27-/m0/s1

2.Chemical Properties

Molecular Weight:414.62

Density:1.05 g/cm3

Boiling Point:504.3 °C at 760 mmHg

Flash Point:213.1 °C

Refractive index:1.525

3'-Hydroxyacetophenone

1.Product information

Name: 3'-Hydroxyacetophenone

Hill Formula:C8H8O2

HS Code:2914 50 00

EC number:204-494-0

Molar mass:136.15 g/mol

CAS number:121-71-1


2.Chemical and physical data

Solubility:22 g/l (25 °C)

Melting point:94 - 97 °C

Molar mass:136.15 g/mol

Density:1.1 g/cm3

Boiling point:296 °C (1013 hPa)

Vapor pressure:1 Pa (25 °C)


3.Safety information

Storage class:10 - 13 Other liquids and solids

WGK:WGK 2 water endangering

Disposal:3

Relatively unreactive organic reagents should be collected in container A. If halogenated, they should be collected in container B. For solid residues use container C.