Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms
form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a
bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur can
react as either an oxidant or reducing agent. It oxidizes most metals and
several nonmetals, including carbon, which leads to its negative charge in most
organosulfur compounds, but it reduces several strong oxidants, such as oxygen
and fluorine.
Sulfur(α) is one of the Allotropes of sulfur. There are a
large number of allotropes of sulfur. In this respect, sulfur is second only to
carbon. The most common form found in nature is yellow orthorhombic Sulfur(α),
which contains puckered rings of S.
Sulfur(α) is the form most commonly found in nature. When pure it has a
greenish-yellow colour (traces of cyclo-S7 in commercially available samples
make it appear yellower). It is practically insoluble in water and is a good
electrical insulator with poor thermal conductivity. It is quite soluble in
carbon disulfide: 35.5 g/100 g solvent at 25 °C. It has a rhombohedral crystal
structure. This is the predominant form found in "flowers of sulfur", "roll
sulfur" and "milk of sulfur". It contains S8 puckered rings, alternatively
called a crown shape.The S-S bond lengths are all 206 pm and the S-S-S angles
are 108° with a dihedral angle of 98°. At 95.3 °C, α-sulfur converts to
β-sulfur.
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